Link Between Post Traumatic Stress Disorder And Criminal...

Link between Post Traumatic Stress Disorder and Criminal Behaviour, its impact on law And How to prevent / treat the sufferers to lessen the impact on society. Introduction The American Psychitric Association explains Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) as â€Å"the experience of a traumatic event that is followed by the persistence of re-experiencing the same or a similar event and results into the symptoms of two clusters in PTSD i.e. increased arousal and avoidance† (Roberts, 2011). When a patient develops PTSD then his/her emotions and sensation about the traumatic event lead them towards a life of suffering. whenever the trauma replays it leads towards the sensations and increases distress (Hughes, 2011). An example of a factor that can lead to PTSD is sexual abuse. Research evidenced that a significant proportion of the victims of sexual abuse have become traumatised which leads them towards PTSD (Bender, 2010). According to Roberts, in the 19th and 20th centuries most of the theories and research have been swung back and forth between the occasion and predisposition. It is found that the occurrence of PTSD is thought to occur either because of the existence of a mental illness due to the undesired circumstances affecting the memories of the victim, or because of the occurrence of similar events frequently (Van der Kolk and McFarlane, 2012). Most of the people have intrusive thoughts in their memories about what happened which is followed by the traumatic eventShow MoreRelatedThe General Strain Theory, And General Integrated Theory853 Words   |  4 Pagestheories combine theories like social bonding and social learning theories with structural theories such as social disorganization and strain theories but does not address macro level factors that influence crime, and instead focus solely on criminal behavior at the micro level. So far, very little theories suggested have encompassed all levels of explaining criminology (Barak, 2002). This is a social structure- macro model which states that differential opportunities are not only crime class specificRead MoreChild Abuse Is A Common And Sad Fate For Many Children Essay1558 Words   |  7 Pagesand inadequate supervision, Emotional neglect, Medical neglect, and Educational neglect. There is no â€Å"smoking gun† for most child neglect. While even one instance of neglect can cause lifelong harm to a child, neglect often requires a pattern of behavior over a period of time. Some signs to help identify neglect in a child are Clothing that is the wrong size, in disrepair, dirty, or not right for the weather, Often hungry, stockpiles food, seeks food, may even show signs of malnutrition (like distendedRead MoreEssay about The Effects of Domestic Violence on Children1448 Words   |  6 Pages How does domestic violence between parents and parental figures affect the children who witness it? This is a question often asked by Sociologists and Psychologists alike. There have been studies that prove that children who witness domestic inter-parental violence experience mental health problems, issues with gender roles, substance abuse, the committing of crimes and suicide/suicide attempts later in their lives. This paper will explore all five of these effects of domestic violence on childrenRead MoreMental Illness And Its Effects On People With Se vere Mental Illnesses3284 Words   |  14 Pagesviolent crimes. While is has been acknowledged that not all types mental illnesses cause violent behavior, it is however an instigator for some individuals (Vogel, 2014). Dr. John Gray in 1857 was the first to suggest that serious mental illnesses are associated with homicide or attempted homicide. According to Vogel (2014) a development in mental illness has a risk in the increase of antisocial behavior. In this essay, the types of mental illnesses associated with risks of committing violent crimesRead MoreCriminal Justice Personnel And Victims At Their Workplace Essay1777 Words   |  8 Pages Criminal Justice Personnel; Victims at Their Workplace According to the Bureau of Justice Statistics there are approximately 765,000 full time local and state law enforcement officers employed in the United States (Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2011). These officers respond to various calls during a tour of duty. According to the National Incident Based Reporting System, (NIBRS), that records 71 separate crimes that officers respond to, officers reported 4,759,438 incidents in 2014. ThisRead MoreAnalysis And Application Of Early Childhood Developmental Psychology878 Words   |  4 Pagesdevelopmental psychology to explain why our legal system is justified in ruling that young children are not responsible for criminal actions. Biological, cognitive, emotional and moral development plays an integral part in the early development of a child’s brain maturity. Biological Argument(s) A child’s brain is very delicate during the early developmental years, especially between ages 2 and 6. Although the brain is already functioning by age 2 there are many areas that remain undeveloped (Berger,Read MoreThe Long Term Effects Of Childhood Abuse1562 Words   |  7 Pagesdoses of stress and trauma are ready to go into fight or flight at any moment, but when this system is started over and over again, it goes from being life saving to health damaging that’s when the individuals stress response is overworked and compromised which effects the brains structure, constantly increases ones heart rate, heightens blood pressure, and more. Research has been done for years on the long-term effects of childhood abuse. â€Å"The numerous studies suggest a clear link between abuse inRead MoreThe Connection between Child Abuse and Crime Essay1055 Words   |  5 Pagesmany questions that have been extensively researched involve the connection between the psychological ef fects that take their toll on those previously subject to child abuse or neglect and crime that the victim commits later in his or her life. Although child abuse and neglect do not necessarily lead to crime, those who are subject to either form of maltreatment are at a significantly greater risk for partaking in criminal activity in adulthood; this idea can be supported by psychological theoriesRead MoreMental Health and the Criminal Justice System1884 Words   |  8 PagesMental health and the criminal justice system have long been intertwined. Analyzing and understanding the links between these two subjects demands for a person to go in to depth in the fields of criminology, sociology, psychology, and psychiatry, because there are many points of view on whether or not a person’s criminal behavior is due to their mental health. Some believe that an unstable mental state of mind can highly influence a person’s decision of committing criminal actions. Others believeRe ad MoreMental Illness And Its Effects On The Media Essay1324 Words   |  6 Pagesportrayed in the United States’ media creating stigmatization and misrepresentation. Mental illness â€Å"refers to a wide range of mental disorders that affect your mood, thinking and behavior† (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2015). Examples of disorders include anxiety, depression, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder. Any â€Å"negative attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors are called stigma† (Wilson et al., 2016, p. 2) and stigma can contribute to progression of mental illness because of its harmful

Brown v. Board of Education and Multiculturalism Essay

On May 17, 1954, in the Supreme Court case of Brown v. Board of Education, the High Court, for the first time in American legal history, challenged the â€Å"separate but equal† doctrine previously established in Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) and outlawed racial segregation in public schools. The decision, igniting fierce debates throughout the country, was met with violence and strong defiance in the South. The years after Brown, however, saw the passing of several important Acts: the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the Voting Rights Act of 1965, and the Fair Housing Act of 1968. Today, Americans remember Brown v. Board of Education as a success in African Americans’ struggle for equal rights, a change of sea tide for the civil rights movement. While†¦show more content†¦Born in 1993 in segregated Monticello, Mississippi, Rod Paige, the African American U.S. secretary of education, said in retrospect of his own experience in school: â€Å"They [white students] had a gy m. We played on dirt courts. They had new textbooks. Our textbooks had the covers torn off. We marveled over the cleanliness of their brick school† (qtd. in â€Å"50 Years† 68). America officially did away with school segregation in 1954, but the actual desegregation proved to be a slow and painful process. In 1961, seven years after Brown, only seven percent of African American students in the South were in mixed schools (â€Å"Slow March† 46). African Americans enrolled in majority white schools were often hassled by their classmates and their fellow white Americans. The most famous example was the Little Rock Crisis in 1957, in which President Eisenhower was forced to send National Guard troops to protect the nine African American students enrolled in Little Rock High School from the segregationists and ensure that they could have class on the first school day. School integration proceeded at a sluggish rate in the 1950s and early 1960s but stepped up in the mid 1960s. According to a recent report released by the Civil Rights Project at Harvard University, only 2.3% of African American students in 1964 were in majority white schools. The number jum ped to 13.9% in 1967,Show MoreRelatedBrown V. Board Of Education 347 Us 4831438 Words   |  6 PagesBrown v. Board of Education 347 US 483 (1954) Jim Crow Laws As society changes, laws change as well to keep up with changes in some cases, the law are for the better of the majority, however, there have been several laws that have been enacted to impose inequality. On May 17, 1954, the United States Supreme Court handed down its ruling in the landmark case of Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas. Education of Topeka that Racial education of Topeka that racial segregation in public schoolsRead MoreEthnocentric Education1811 Words   |  7 Pages(Buchanan, Fox, Eckes, Basford, 2012). The same model would work wonderfully in Canada, where multiculturalism is more entrenched and welcomed. Target populations in Canada for ethnocentric education would be African-Canadian, Native Canadian, and Asian Canadian. Ethnocentric education, also known as culturally appropriate education, is not a monolithic pedagogical model. In fact, ethnocentric education can entail demographically mixed schools with separate courses of study; demographically mixedRead MoreRace Speaks : Awareness Project1455 Words   |  6 Pages Race Speaks; Awareness Project The promise of education ensures students for a more stable and healthier lives. As a democratic society, it gives the ability to strive for a successful future and provides the institutional foundations for economic, social, cultural, and political aspects of it. Though this can certainly provoke positive and negative outcomes. Education can either be a motivation for equality among races, or it can teach people to hate one anotherRead MoreThe Power Of A Society s Justice System1581 Words   |  7 PagesRights is the First Amendment right to freedom of speech. Although, controversial at times, the American Supreme Court has even defended the use of lewd and hate speech in attempt to preserve the full right of expression. Monumental cases like Texas v. Johnson, where the Court found flag burning to be constitutionally protected as a form of political speech, no matter how sensitive or controversial the matter, or subject, manifests the American Supreme Court’s commit ment to its ideals. In connectionRead MoreThe History Of Music Education Essay1931 Words   |  8 PagesThe History of Music Education in the Americas The history of our schools is told beginning with the founding of our nation, moving through the common school movement, the arguments of the progressive era, and leading up to all of the modern acts made in the 21st century. Music education is a factor in the public schools, and it is rarely discussed as part of the history of our schools. Music education has been a part of our schools since the beginning and continues to better our students to thisRead More Multicultural Educational System Essay1701 Words   |  7 Pagesus together as a nation. Children can develop their ideas and their identity at early stages in schools. Education should stress the value of diversity and avoid portraying one culture or group as superior to others. A multicultural educational system would not only educate the students in a classroom, but also enrich the teacher and society. The definition of multiculturalism is education that focuses on providing equal opportunity for students who’s cult ural or language patterns make it difficultRead MoreStudents Are More Equal Than Others : Multiculturalism And Poverty1852 Words   |  8 PagesAre More Equal Than Others: Multiculturalism and Poverty in Education â€Å"One of the first lessons I learned as a teacher was that social class, race, ethnicity, and gender have a powerful effect on the process of education. I found to be blunt, that even in the schools of nation that prides itself on equality of opportunity, some students are more equal than others† (Newman, 2006, p.269). Minority children and those living in poverty are at disadvantage in our education system. Several studies makeRead MoreInfluential Court Cases Involving Education1166 Words   |  5 PagesThroughout history there have been various influential court cases involving Education. These important cases and their outcomes act as milestones on the road to a successful education System in the United States. Topics such as race, religion and gender equality within schools have all been vigorously debated upon and have ultimately played major roles in shaping today s education system. By examining civil rights and acting upon these rights many important education al court cases have allowedRead MoreSchool Busing3079 Words   |  13 Pagescharacterized as an engine for multicultural education. However, due to barriers within society (e.g. racial discrimination and economic barriers and stereotypes), some students are not being taught in a multicultural environment. Due to this problem and the importance that most of society places upon multicultural education, school busing takes place. Busing is a very important and controversial method that is practiced to improve multicultural education to those who have had very little, if anyRead MoreEssay on Riding the School Bus3017 Words   |  13 Pagescharacterized as an engine for multicultural education. However, due to barriers within society (e.g. racial discrimination and economic barriers and stereotypes), some students are not being taught in a multicultural environment. Due to this problem and the importance that most of society places upon multicultural education, school busing takes place. Busing is a very important and controversial method that is practiced to improve multicultural education to those who have had very little, if any,

Analysis of use QR code

Question: Discuss about the Analysis of use QR code. Answer: Introduction This is a case analysis of a case study showing how consumer use their mobile phones to scan a quick Respond (QR) code to access a particular content of interest. A QR code is a two dimension code that can be read by smartphones (Lai, et al., 2013). It consists of black modules arranged in a square pattern on a background which is white. Data, URL or any other information can be encoded in the QR code. This type of matrix was developed in 1994 by Toyota subsidiary Denso Wave and has become one of the most modern bar code. The code is growing globally, but it is mostly used in USA, Japan, India, Australia, and Korea (Chitty, et al, 2013). The relevance of using this code is analysed and how the code creates the market opportunity for businesses. Consumers can use the camera on 3G- enabled device phones to scan the QR codes and get connected to promotional deal, mobile web page or maps instantly (Watson, et al 2013). In which stage of consumer decision-making process may QR codes be particular relevance? Decision making is a process of choosing by identifying a decision, information, gathering, and evaluating an alternative resolution. The process can be useful when a step-by-step process is used to assess the choice (Cata, et al, 2013). In making this decision, five steps can be employed. They include: Step 1. The need of the product. For the product to be bought, there must be a special need. Step 2. Gathering information about the need identified in step one. After determining the need for a product, the information about the product must be gathered and evaluated on the best option. Information can be acquired from QR code Personal sources- i.e. discussing the need with a friend or a family member. The use of Commercial sources- they can use advertisement to get the product or service they want. Public sources like newspaper and magazines Experiential sources. They can use their experience to handle particular product (Okazaki and Hirose, 2012). The third step is to evaluate the alternatives available on the market and chose the best Step 4- the purchase of the product. The consumer chose the best product following evaluation of the product. Step 5 is the post-market evaluation. Here the customer analyzes whether the product purchased is useful and has satisfied his wants (Dou and Li, 2008). In the processes discussed above, QR code can be used in step 2. To gain information about the product. Do you see a marketing opportunity for QR codes in the service sector? QR code can be used by any organization in marketing their products; therefore, Service Company like health care can use the system. The QR code can be used by both the retail businesses, educational institution, a non-profit organization, and membership association provided they possess a smartphone. Using a QR will be a good way to reach the target audience in a new convenient way Vazquez, et al., 2012). For example in healthcare, QR code can be used in the following ways: Phone numbers. The QR code can be connected to the phone number and they need not to be connected to the web address. It can be used to make an instant connection without bothering the patient to type or remember a phone number (Kan, et al, 2009). Physician profile. The code can be used by physicians to inform the patient about their practice. The physician can even link them to a video add telling the patient about himself. This will help the patients to experience the doctors personalities and experience and decide whether the doctor is the sort of physician theyd like to see. Special promotion. A promotion code can be circulated using the QR code, and the viewers will get the chance to interact with the service offered as a low-cost screening offer, education about health and so on. Using this code in health service is convenient than using text messages (Kan, et al, 2009. Procedure and equipment video. A web code linked to QR can be shared with the patient to show them how the same thing. The video should only be in pictures, but a video should be used to illustrate the process. The QR turns a QR static add into a multimedia experience. A QR code can be linked with Google map to help the patients who are visiting for the first time or those who do not remember their way to find the hospital Health tips. QR codes should be linked to microsites, videos, podcast, and blogs based on health education. This will help the patients to just point their smartphones at the QR code to get the information rather than waiting for the timely reply. Post-procedure instructions. An online document can be linked to a QR to guide patients on how they can care for themselves after a procedure, a physical therapy and any relevant information can be linked to the procedure (Cruszynski and Ruminski, 2014). Doctors also use smartphones, so, physician-to-physician communication can be enhanced using the QR code. The code can be used to provide referrals, contact information of another doctor and procedures or profile the doctor practice From the evidence above, it is clear that QR codes can be used in service industry provided their target customer use smartphones. Some potential advantage of QR code User convenience the code provides a convenient one-step process for directing users to targeted area like, website, direction, promotion, phone number or other information (Cruszynski and Ruminski, 2014) QR code is environmentally friendly the system can reduce waste since it limits the use of printed materials Cost effective It is free to produce QR codes. Marketing strategies are the only thing limiting their use. Versatile - the code can be integrated into variety of marketing material including print collateral, direct mail, and outdoor display Device independent the pages QR link to can be viewed from all popular platform without any adjustment (Chitty, et al, 2013). Competitive Differentiation the code is still new in many parts of the world, so the industry that develops it will offer a strategic market. How QR codes affect consumers perceived risk of products within the service sector The mobile marketing is gaining recognition all over the globe. The QR code is a matrix which can be read with smartphones containing barcode reader (Rohs Gfeller, 2004). The code enables the consumer to directly access the link they want. The belief of consumers about mobile market also affects their behavioural intentions regarding receiving QR ads. As QR codes being one of the latest models of mobile marketing, consumer belief that QR codes were considered to be positively associated with their behavioural intention. The perceptual factors are the strongest predictors of consumer behaviour responses. It is also realized that other factors like perceived use and benefit can be identified by the customer. As the main factor affecting the desirability of QR code usage. Because perception can vary from person to person and from place to place, geographical difference and culture are also factors that can affect different consumers perception. The most noted change is among consumers in Japan and those in The Unite State of America. In Japan, QR code has been developed and has become part of their daily life while in the USA the code is not fully developed (Lin, et al., 2015). Lastly, the type of the product will determine the number of consumers who will use the QR code to view it. The rate of involvement assigned the amount of interactions or attentiveness with certain products. The products with high involvement products have a greater probability of being scanned. The product to be scanned will also depend on how the industry promotes their QR code and how frequent they use it on their products (Cata, et al, 2013). Which another form of interactive content be developed to support service operation and customer satisfaction in future? To increase customers engagement and satisfaction, industries need to develop a QR code that: Consumers can relate to and be inclined to associate with The company should strength their brand by empowering their logo with Visual QR capability The company should give their customers a reason to engage An online company should be built and strengthen with an on local Visual QR codes (Watson, et al, 2013). References Cata, T., Patel, P.S. and Sakaguchi, T., 2013. QR code: A new opportunity for effective mobile marketing. Journal of Mobile Technologies, Knowledge and Society, 2013, p.1. Chitty, W., Hughes, A. and D'Alessandro, S., 2012. Services marketing. Czuszynski, K. and Ruminski, J., 2014, June. Interaction with medical data using QR-codes. In Human System Interactions (HSI), 2014 7th International Conference on (pp. 182-187). IEEE. Dou, X. and Li, H., 2008. CREATIVE USE OF QR CODES IN CONSUMER COMMUNICATION. International Journal of Mobile Marketing, 3(2). Kan, T.W., Teng, C.H. and Chou, W.S., 2009, December. Applying QR code in augmented reality applications. In Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Virtual Reality Continuum and its Applications in Industry (pp. 253-257). ACM. Lai, H.C., Chang, C.Y., Wen?Shiane, L., Fan, Y.L. and Wu, Y.T., 2013. The implementation of mobile learning in outdoor education: application of QR codes. British Journal of Educational Technology, 44(2), pp.E57-E62. Lin, S.S., Hu, M.C., Lee, C.H. and Lee, T.Y., 2015. Efficient QR code beautification with high quality visual content. IEEE Transactions on Multimedia, 17(9), pp.1515-1524. Okazaki, S., Li, H. and Hirose, M., 2012. Benchmarking the use of QR code in mobile promotion. Journal of Advertising Research, 52(1), pp.102-117. Rohs, M. and Gfeller, B., 2004. Using camera-equipped mobile phones for interacting with real-world objects. na. Vazquez-Briseno, M., Hirata, F.I., Sanchez-Lopez, J.D.D., Jimenez-Garcia, E., Navarro-Cota, C. and Nieto-Hipolito, J.I., 2012. Using RFID/NFC and QR-code in mobile phones to link the physical and the digital world. Interactive Multimedia. Dr. Ioannis Deliyannis (Ed.) InTech, pp.219-242. Watson, C., McCarthy, J. and Rowley, J., 2013. Consumer attitudes towards mobile marketing in the smart phone era. International Journal of Information Management, 33(5), pp.840-849.

Sydney city free essay sample

Sydney metropolis, capital of the province of New South Wales, Australia. Located on Australia s southeasterly seashore, Sydney is a major port in the South Pacific and is noted for its beautiful seaport. The metropolis was established as a penal settlement in the late eighteenth century and had become a major trading Centre even before the first innovators pushed inland. It is now the largest metropolitan country in Australia. A brief intervention of Sydney follows. For full intervention, see Sydney. The metropolitan country of Sydney stretches from the Blue Mountains in the West to the Pacific Ocean in the E and from the Hawkesbury River in the North to South of Botany Bay. The metropolis itself was built on the low hills environing the seaport. Sydney s clime is temperate, with a average temperature in February, the warmest month, of 72 F ( 22 C ) ; the coolest month, July, averages 54 F ( 12 C ) . Rainfall averages 45 inches ( 1,140 millimeter ) yearly, and much of it occurs during the summer months. We will write a custom essay sample on Sydney city or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page About tierce of Sydney s work force is engaged in fabrication. No individual industry predominates, though oil refinement has grown in importance. The gover nment sector is besides economically of import, as is the port. A 2nd port has been developed in Botany Bay. Sydney is widely known both for its H2O athleticss and recreational installations and for its cultural life. The universities of Sydney and New South Wales are located at that place, as is Macquarie University. The world-renowned Sydney Opera House, set on a promontory sou-east of the Harbour Bridge, is a major Centre for the acting humanistic disciplines, with theaters and recording, concert, and exhibition halls. It is the place of the Sydney Symphony Orchestra, the Australian Opera, dance and theater companies, and a library. Rapid development of suburban Sydney and the absence of major main roads that bypass the metropolis have caused a relentless conveyance job that is merely partly mitigated by commuter ferry boats, an belowground railroad, and extended metropolitan coach service. Sydney ( Kingsford Smith ) Airport is on the northern shore of Botany Bay. Area metropolis, 5 square stat mis ( 13 square kilometer ) ; metropolitan country, 4,790 square stat mis ( 12,407 square kilometer ) . Pop. ( 1986 ) metropolis, 86,311 ; ( 1991 ) metropolis, 3,097,956 ; ( 1994 est. ) metropolitan country, 3,738,500.

The Merchants Tale Essays

The Merchants Tale Essays The Merchants Tale Essay The Merchants Tale Essay Chaucers establishment of the Clerk in the General Prologue as a committed scholar who prioritises his academic studies over material wealth contrasts sharply with the description of the Merchants bargaines and his chevissaunce. In placing The Clerks Tale immediately before that of the Merchant and exploring similar themes within both, Chaucer introduces to his readership a likelihood of the second tale being a response to the first.The differing attitudes and outcomes of the tales, whilst having significant links in their subject matter, provoke comparison of the narrators in their personal discussions and the protagonists become the embodiment of their views towards marriage in the tales. Walter is presented by the Clerk as a largely stereotypical marquis, whose qualities of humility and understanding in his proposal to Griselda are linked to the distinct lack of irony in the introduction to his character. The Clerk narrates in praise of the protagonist, Handsome and young and strong; in him were blentHigh honour and a gentle courtesy. It is then admitted that Walter did show certain faults (He was indeed to blame ) although the fact that he is named so shortly after the beginning of the tale resounds importantly in the Merchants prologue, where Chaucer admits to having forgotten the narrators name. This could be seen as a comment upon the perception of clerks as being far more honest than merchants in Chaucerian society despite Walters great deception of his wife when hiding their two children from her, he is still presented in a positive, honest light throughout the tale.This reinforces his credibility as a character, which has the effect of the Clerk being able t o present his views on marriage very clearly through the protagonist. It is vitally important that both tales are set in Lombardy, though the setting is very different in both tales. The Clerks Lombardy is scarcely mentioned, whereas the Merchants city of Pavia, famous for its bankers and its brothels, provides a substantial basis for the highly sexual nature of the tales imagery.However, just as the Clerk is disconnected from the real world through his pursuit of academia, Walter has failed to consider marriage as it might be expected, through adherence to knightly qualities and great commitment in this sense. His marriage to Griselda is not brought about by sexual desire, but rather by his friends imploring, Therefore, we beg you speedily to marry. By distancing Walter from his geographical surroundings and having him marry a committed woman from a humble background, it can be observed that the Clerk is breaking the mould and attempting to tell a tale of virtue and devotion.It is not simply the imagery in the tale that allows him to do this, but also the form of the language: by using seven line rhyming verses, a more constrained, logical text is presented, making the tale more accessible to the reader during Walters more intensive actions of the described cruelty. In combination with Griseldas unfailing loyalty throughout these tests of commitment, the overall form of the poetry serves to individualise the tale and make it distinctive among the group of pilgrims as a whole.This provides a large opportunity for contradiction of its content and, therefore, a response in the following tale. Januarys choice of May for his wife in The Merchants Tale, however, becomes a strong representation of his character. He cannot conceal the fact that she is only one of many potential brides, outlined where the Merchant narrates, As whoso tooke a mirour, polished bright, And sette it in a commune market-place. It soon becomes apparent that this deception is at the hands of Januarie, ‘for as good is blind deceyved be / As to be deceyved whan a man may se’. The fact that he is being deceived because of both his physical and mental blindness makes Januarie appear vulnerable, and the audience almost begins to pity him, showing that the power balance has shifted abruptly from Januarie to May. The language Chaucer chooses to use contributes to demonstrating this power balance effectively. Fortune is personified in this passage, as is common in Chaucer’s writing. Like a number of abstract qualities which have the female grammatical gender in Latin, the personification is feminised, and she is presented as a woman, often blindfolded, to demonstrate the arbitrariness of her operation, an holding a wheel on which her victims rise and fall. When comparing this image to May, it is clear that she now has full power and control over Januarie. It is not only clear how May has gained power over this passage, but also how Januarie has lost his. He becomes so possessed by jealousy that He nolde suffre hire for to ride or go/ But if that he hadde hond on her alway’ , ‘nor anywhere/ Would he allow his wife to take the air/ Unless his hand were on her, day and night’. Towards the beginning of the tale, it is unlikely that Januarie would have been so possessive over his new wife, as he had enough confidence within himself to prevent any jealousy. When he loses his sight, it is apparent that his self-consciousness becomes particularly strong, once again making him seem vulnerable and helpless, and May’s dishonesty only increases Januarie’s lack of power

Sacudir Conjugation in Spanish, Translation, and Examples

Sacudir Conjugation in Spanish, Translation, and Examples The Spanish verb sacudir means to shake. It is a regular -ir verb, so it follows the same conjugation pattern of verbs like cumplir, vivir and subir. In the tables below you will find the conjugations of sacudir in the indicative mood (present, past, future, and conditional), the subjunctive mood (present and past), the imperative mood, and other verb forms. Using the Verb Sacudir Sacudir means to shake, and this verb can be used in most situations when you would use to shake in English. For example, you can talk about shaking something to clean it, as in sacudir el polvo de la alfombra (shaking off the dust from the rug). You can also use sacudir to talk about shaking any object, such as sacudir las maracas (shaking the maracas), or it can be used to talk about shaking in the sense of scaring someone. For example, you can say El crimen sacudià ³ a la gente del pueblo (The crime shook the people of the town). Sacudir Present Indicative Yo sacudo I shake Yo sacudo los muebles sucios. Tà º sacudes You shake Tà º sacudes la alfombra de la entrada. Usted/à ©l/ella sacude You/he/she shakes Ella sacude el instrumento para hacer mà ºsica. Nosotros sacudimos We shake Nosotros sacudimos a la clase con las tristes noticias. Vosotros sacudà ­s You shake Vosotros sacudà ­s la cabeza en desacuerdo. Ustedes/ellos/ellas sacuden You/they shake Ellos sacuden la caja para adivinar su contenido. Sacudir Preterite Indicative The preterite is one of two past tenses in Spanish. It is used to talk about completed actions in the past. Yo sacudà ­ I shook Yo sacudà ­ los muebles sucios. Tà º sacudiste You shook Tà º sacudiste la alfombra de la entrada. Usted/à ©l/ella sacudià ³ You/he/she shook Ella sacudià ³ el instrumento para hacer mà ºsica. Nosotros sacudimos We shook Nosotros sacudimos a la clase con las tristes noticias. Vosotros sacudisteis You shook Vosotros sacudisteis la cabeza en desacuerdo. Ustedes/ellos/ellas sacudieron You/they shook Ellos sacudieron la caja para adivinar su contenido. Sacudir Imperfect Indicative The imperfect tense is used to talk about habitual or ongoing actions in the past. It can be translated as was shaking or used to shake. Yo sacudà ­a I used to shake Yo sacudà ­a los muebles sucios. Tà º sacudà ­as You used to shake Tà º sacudà ­as la alfombra de la entrada. Usted/à ©l/ella sacudà ­a You/he/she used to shake Ella sacudà ­a el instrumento para hacer mà ºsica. Nosotros sacudà ­amos We used to shake Nosotros sacudà ­amos a la clase con las tristes noticias. Vosotros sacudà ­ais You used to shake Vosotros sacudà ­ais la cabeza en desacuerdo. Ustedes/ellos/ellas sacudà ­an You/they used to shake Ellos sacudà ­an la caja para adivinar su contenido. Sacudir Future Indicative Yo sacudirà © I will shake Yo sacudirà © los muebles sucios. Tà º sacudirs You will shake Tà º sacudirs la alfombra de la entrada. Usted/à ©l/ella sacudir You/he/she will shake Ella sacudirel instrumento para hacer mà ºsica. Nosotros sacudiremos We will shake Nosotros sacudiremos a la clase con las tristes noticias. Vosotros sacudirà ©is You will shake Vosotros sacudirà ©is la cabeza en desacuerdo. Ustedes/ellos/ellas sacudirn You/they will shake Ellos sacudirnla caja para adivinar su contenido. Sacudir Periphrastic  Future Indicative   The periphrastic future is formed with the present indicative conjugation of the verb ir (to go), the preposition a, and the infinitive sacudir. Yo voy a sacudir I am going to shake Yo voya sacudir los muebles sucios. Tà º vasa sacudir You aregoing to shake Tà º vasa sacudir la alfombra de la entrada. Usted/à ©l/ella vaa sacudir You/he/she isgoing to shake Ella vaa sacudir el instrumento para hacer mà ºsica. Nosotros vamosa sacudir We aregoing to shake Nosotros vamosa sacudir a la clase con las tristes noticias. Vosotros vaisa sacudir You aregoing to shake Vosotros vaisa sacudir la cabeza en desacuerdo. Ustedes/ellos/ellas vana sacudir You/they aregoing to shake Ellos vana sacudir la caja para adivinar su contenido. Sacudir Present Progressive/Gerund Form The gerund or present participle for -ir verbs is formed with the ending -iendo. Present Progressive of Sacudir est sacudiendo Is shaking Ella est sacudiendo el instrumento para hacer mà ºsica. Sacudir Past Participle The past participle can be used as an adjective or to form compound tenses with the verb haber, such as the present perfect. For regular -ir verbs, the past participle is formed with the ending -ido. Present Perfect of Sacudir ha sacudido Has shaken Ella ha sacudido el instrumento para hacer mà ºsica. Sacudir Conditional Indicative To talk about possibilities, you can use the conditional tense, which in English is usually expressed as would verb. Yo sacudirà ­a I would shake Yo sacudirà ­a los muebles sucios si me gustara limpiar. Tà º sacudirà ­as You would shake Tà º sacudirà ­as la alfombra de la entrada si estuviera sucia. Usted/à ©l/ella sacudirà ­a You/he/she would shake Ella sacudirà ­ael instrumento para hacer mà ºsica, pero no le gusta el sonido. Nosotros sacudirà ­amos We would shake Nosotros sacudirà ­amos a la clase con las tristes noticias, pero preferimos no decepcionarlos. Vosotros sacudirà ­ais You would shake Vosotros sacudirà ­ais la cabeza en desacuerdo si no os gustara la idea. Ustedes/ellos/ellas sacudirà ­an You/they would shake Ellos sacudirà ­anla caja para adivinar su contenido si se lo permitieran. Sacudir Present Subjunctive Que yo sacuda That I shake Mam espera que yo sacuda los muebles sucios. Que tà º sacudas That you shake Andrea quiere que tà º sacudas la alfombra de la entrada. Que usted/à ©l/ella sacuda That you/he/she shake El director sugiere que ella sacuda el instrumento para hacer mà ºsica. Que nosotros sacudamos That we shake Los padres de familia esperan que nosotros no sacudamos a la clase con las tristes noticias. Que vosotros sacudis That you shake El jefe sugiere que vosotros sacudisla cabeza en desacuerdo. Que ustedes/ellos/ellas sacudan That you/they shake La nià ±a espera que ellos sacudan la caja para adivinar su contenido. Sacudir Imperfect Subjunctive The imperfect subjunctive has two different conjugation options, shown in the tables below. Option 1 Que yo sacudiera That I shook Mam esperaba que yo sacudiera los muebles sucios. Que tà º sacudieras That you shook Andrea querà ­a que tà º sacudieras la alfombra de la entrada. Que usted/à ©l/ella sacudiera That you/he/she shook El director sugerà ­a que ella sacudiera el instrumento para hacer mà ºsica. Que nosotros sacudià ©ramos That we shook Los padres de familia esperaban que nosotros no sacudià ©ramos a la clase con las tristes noticias. Que vosotros sacudierais That you shook El jefe sugerà ­a que vosotros sacudieraisla cabeza en desacuerdo. Que ustedes/ellos/ellas sacudieran That you/they shook La nià ±a esperaba que ellos sacudieran la caja para adivinar su contenido. Option 2 Que yo sacudiese That I shook Mam esperaba que yo sacudiese los muebles sucios. Que tà º sacudieses That you shook Andrea querà ­a que tà º sacudieses la alfombra de la entrada. Que usted/à ©l/ella sacudiese That you/he/she shook El director sugerà ­a que ella sacudiese el instrumento para hacer mà ºsica. Que nosotros sacudià ©semos That we shook Los padres de familia esperaban que nosotros no sacudià ©semos a la clase con las tristes noticias. Que vosotros sacudieseis That you shook El jefe sugerà ­a que vosotros sacudieseisla cabeza en desacuerdo. Que ustedes/ellos/ellas sacudiesen That you/they shook La nià ±a esperaba que ellos sacudiesen la caja para adivinar su contenido. Sacudir Imperative The purpose of the imperative mood is to give direct orders or commands. There are slightly different conjugations for the positive and the negative commands. Positive Commands Tà º sacude Shake!  ¡Sacude la alfombra de la entrada! Usted sacuda Shake!  ¡Sacuda el instrumento para hacer mà ºsica! Nosotros sacudamos Let's shake!  ¡Sacudamos a la clase con las tristes noticias! Vosotros sacudid Shake!  ¡Sacudid la cabeza en desacuerdo! Ustedes sacudan Shake!  ¡Sacudan la caja para adivinar su contenido! Negative Commands Tà º no sacudas Don't shake!  ¡No sacudas la alfombra de la entrada! Usted no sacuda Don't shake!  ¡No sacuda el instrumento para hacer mà ºsica! Nosotros no sacudamos Let's not shake!  ¡No sacudamos a la clase con las tristes noticias! Vosotros no sacudis Don't shake!  ¡No sacudis la cabeza en desacuerdo! Ustedes no sacudan Don't shake!  ¡No sacudan la caja para adivinar su contenido!

Department store Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Department store - Essay Example The name department store is derived from the fact that they offer different product categories at different prices in different departments. The product categories include home appliances, cosmetics, stationary, furniture, hardware, sporting goods, and electronics among others. They are all provided under the same roof at each specific department store. Department stores are part of other larger retail chains which are in a particular country or worldwide. Due to globalization, most department stores are all over the world which helps them to acquire a larger market share. However, most stores are located in the American, European and Asian markets where most of the consumers are middle class shoppers and business environments are favorable for setting up businesses. A department store operates in such a way that when a customer enters the store, he or she can get a range of products from the store. Different products are present at every department hence there is a lower probabilit y that the consumer will go to shop in another store. As most store claims, they ‘conceal’ the customer. Many department stores are part of chain stores. Since department stores operate in large scale, they benefit from the economies of scale where they are able to operate in large-scale at a cheaper price (Bhabatosh 2006). The accumulated capital is used to open other branches in different locations. Positioning and the relevance of department store Positioning of department stores is a process where the stores identify the target markets in the external environment where it can set up the right type of store. This decision should go hand in hand with the requirements of the population of the selected area. The position should be set in such a manner that it leads to profit maximization by the business firm. Image positioning of the department store should be done in such a way that it contributes to the competitive strategies of the store. The image of a department st ore is very important in attracting customers and especially those that travel a lot (Naji 2004). For example, a loyal customer of a certain store will shop at the store even after moving to another country with the same store. In the competitive global world, stores should come up with strategies that will help them stand out when it comes to competition with other stores. When it comes to the process of positioning, different strategies should be put in place such as; ‘what’ services and capabilities are outstanding so that they can be improves to increase competitiveness, ‘who’ the store is targeting as the consumer. This helps in creating awareness and bonds between the management of the store and the consumer. The last objective is ‘how’ the store can be categorized and distinguished from the other stores. Most stores attract customers by offering low prices and unique variety of goods as compared to the other stores. Different factors sho uld be put into consideration while choosing the position of a department store. They include the set location where the store is to be established. The location affects the type of goods to be offered and the type of customers to expect. For example, a department store in America and another in Africa will have different financial locations. The relevance of a department store to the society also affects the location where it should be established. This includes the type of goods to be offered and the set prices. Retailing current factors such as taxes

Can There be Development without Security and Security without Essay

Can There be Development without Security and Security without Development - Essay Example For some it may be the amount of resources available to the society, for some it is freedom of the masses, for others peace and security and for some it may be equitable distribution of income. This difference between perceptions is what causes a substantial difference between the statuses of the two countries that may otherwise be equal based on other factors. The term ‘sustainable development’ used fervently by many can be defined as development that produces economic benefits in a surplus without generating great cost to the environment. Also in order for a development to be sustainable it is important that all the current necessities are met without over consumption taking place and causing any disturbance for future generations in meeting their needs. World Bank (2004) further states that there are different requirements of development; for example reducing poverty is one of the indicators of development taking place. One of the methods to reduce poverty would be to increase income generating activities which again result in development, occurring as an industry is supported and developed. To safeguard human life from any sort of invasive threats is the most critical element of security. A house, land or region is secure if the people who live in it can move freely without any fear of threats that could harm their life or property (Alkire, 2003, pp.3). Human security is proactive. It assumes the possibility of a threat to human life that may exist in form of physical violence, financial crisis, pollution or natural disaster. These threats can be managed just like any other conflict because every conflict has a solution; a threat from earthquakes can be minimized by building earthquake resistant properties (Alkire, 2003, pp.3). Another method to provide security in the wake of emerging threats is to respect human lives. Respect for human security will enable individuals and institutions to make decisions which will acknowledge the importance of human lives and does not have implications that might compromise it. Threats to security may be direct or indirect. An indirect form of threat would consist of reduction in public expenditure or the recently incurred global financial meltdown. Other forms of threats are direct which means that they not only affect the essential functions of a human life but human life itself; for example civil wars and natural disasters (Alkire, 2003, pp.5). Recently literatures have recognized an inverse relationship between threats to security and development. International Cooperation for Development and Solidarity (2005) conducted a study in which it defined the relationship between security and development. The study states that when there is a decrease in security which means an increase in violence inadvertently there will be a decrease in development because threats to human life or their property transfers into a slowed down developmental process. Relationship between security and developm ent After World War 1 and till the Cold War, security was taken to be a matter of discussion between different states, super powers and blocs. However, as the world evolved and such wars have ceased to exist, inter-state conflicts evolved the term security into a concept of human security (Adam, 2008, pp.1). Latest findings state that security and development are inter-related; one cannot exist without the other. Bernard Adam (2008, pp.1) goes

The Cuases, Effects, and Prevention of Homophobia in America Essay Example for Free

The Cuases, Effects, and Prevention of Homophobia in America Essay Homophobia is an immense issue in todays society, but especially in America. The completely irrational prejudices against the community of this country is on the rise. This is due to a number of causes of which we as the American people have the ability to change. We must closely exam the causes and the effects of homophobia in America to completely understand why and where this is still occurring in modern day society and how it may be further prevented. Homosexuality has existed as long as humanity itself, and with homosexuality always seems homophobia, or the completely extreme and irrational fear or aversion to homosexuality and homosexual people, is sure to exist. This prejudice against homosexuals has been in one way or another shown to exist in almost every culture and society, although some cultures have come to coexist with the gay community in harmony, others how ever still have much work to do in the stride for equal rights and lack of discrimination for the gay population in their countries. Of these countries most are found in the Middle Eastern regions, in places like Africa, Egypt, and Iran homosexuality is a felony, and in many cases will have one either imprisoned or killed. It is in a way expected that these countries would oppose homosexuality so strongly, due to their strong Islamic traditions. But a country that it would not seem irrational to think would be more open to the gay population is the United States of America, but this is not true. Homosexuals might not be stoned to death in the streets of America, but they also don’t have the options of freedom and rights those in Europe have either. According to statistics, nearly half of America still has a strong opposition or hatred toward this community, as a country America needs to realize how absurd this completely irrational prejudice is and how much of a waste of it really is. As a country we should fight to stop homophobia in its tracks. Homophobia has really existed, but when did it really start occurring in the U. S.? The term homophobia was coined in 1967 by Wainwright Churchill in his study on the habits and lifestyles of gay men in America. Ever since then, it seems the term has stuck, even if it is used in the wrong context. The term left the scene of American society for around 20 years or so, but resurfaced much, much stronger with the global AIDS pandemic in the 1980s, gays across the globe were targets of severe and irrational beliefs that AIDS was a â€Å"gay mans disease†. Such beliefs of course are highly illogical, but that does not stop them from spreading like the disease its’ self. This stereotype can still be seen in todays supposidly more liberal modern society. Such stereotypes fuel the continued occurrence of homophobia, especially in the U. S. , which in return keeps the continues cycle of hate and prejudice going. The issues that stem from homophobia are numerous and far and in-between, but many are huge and obvious issues that America as a whole could change if its’ people really wanted to. Of the many prejudices against the gay population, it stands no more obvious anywhere else than in equal rights, rights that all Americans deserve. The discrimination of housing, employment, and equal marriage rights, all must be stopped. America is singling out a â€Å"minority† with in it’s borders, and that is wrong, the â€Å"land of the free† is showing a severe hypocritical, and bigoted side that no one should ever see occur. What is really the core cause of all the negative energy toward Americas gay community? Of the many things that cause homophobia in America, government would not be expected, but it is true to say that government is where most of the negative energy toward the gay community stems from. The American government is supposed to support it’s people as a whole, in an equal unbiased manner. If this is true, why is the government putting such restrictions like the ban on same-sex marriage on the gay community? This is a direct contradiction to the qualities America is built on, this isnt freedom for all of its’ people, it is freedom for those who are stereotypically perceived as â€Å"normal† by a bigoted, ignorant society that is intolerant of difference. America’s government is tainted with people thinking in this mindset, especially among the republican party. Politicians are openly allowed to â€Å"smear† the gay community with their extremely bigoted comments, and have recently succeeded in allowing others to freely do so also. In the state of Michigan, republicans have managed to pass bill 137, a bill that promotes bullying. One has to think twice to really absorb that the state has actually done such an absurd thing. In this bill it is now okay to freely and openly express ones feelings towards another, harass, bully, what ever it is they want, as long as they can support their claims with a moral or religious view. This is of course a horrendous and stupid idea. After the bill was successfully passed, Senate Minority Leader Gretchen Whitmer (D-East Lansing), took to the floor of the Senate to voice her outrage at the amended language and the danger of the exemptions: â€Å"Here oday you claim to be protecting kids and youre actually putting them in more danger. But bullying is not OK. We should be protecting public policy that protects kids,? all kids, from bullies,? all bullies. But instead you have set us back further by creating a blueprint for bullying. Shockingly, Senate Bill 137 will do more harm than good. Senate Republicans left our students behind in favor of partisan politics and passed a bill that actually allows more bullying. Students and parents expect lawmakers to lead the charge against bullying, but instead Republicans made ideology more important than school safety. Research clearly shows that only states with enumerated bills see a reduction in bullying. We need a bill that mentions the most affected populations and requires statewide reporting of bullying and harassment. Senate Bill 137 simply does nothing to reduce bullying in our schools. † â€Å"But the saddest and sickest irony of all, is that the bill was named â€Å"Matt’s Safe School Law,† after Matt Epling, a 14-year-old East Lansing student who committed suicide in 2002 after being repeatedly bullied in school†. As Senator Whitmer has made clear, this unrelentless bullying must be put to a stop, not promoted like it currently is in American government and society. Government and it’s views are corrupt, so corrupt that it will not function as it should in the goal of protecting it’s citizens and their well deserved rights. It is known government spreads the ideas of homophobia, but where is the homophobia in American government stemming from? The answer lies within the religious institution that runs most of America, the religion it was founded on, Christianity. Christianity is the largest practiced religion in the world, with such a hopeful message of salvation and a forgiving and loving God it is no surprise this is true. Their teachings have a message that â€Å"God so loved the world that he sent his one and only son and those who believes in him and that those who accept him as their one and only savior shall have everlasting life† (John 3:16). With such message of love and equality toward all of humanity, why is it that this religion that is supposed to spread this message of love and hope, actually in some areas spreading the hatred of some and especially the promotion of homophobia? The reason is there are many bigoted, hypocritical, and of all things homophobic pastors that tell sermons spewing with bigotry, manipulated to convey the thoughts of negativity towards the gay community in America. It seems the congregations that hear these so called â€Å"sermons† are nieve beyond recognition. Why is it that the general public has lost all of its common sense listening to seemingly false sermons preeching the hatred and intolerance of a minority? Of the few verses that mention homosexuality in the holy bible, one is more than any other, that verse is Leviticus 20:13. â€Å"If a man lies with a man as one lies with a woman, both of them have done what is detestable. They must be put to death; their blood will be on their own heads†. This verse is said to directly quote homosexuality as a sin, but this is not so. In the verse listed above it is talking about the Canaanites laws, not God’s, it is prosecuting the Canaanites sexual cult rituals involving male prostitutes, not gay men in commited relationships. The severe unwillingness to let one think for themselves has allowed this verse to be repeatedly misinterpreted to the point where it is thought to be the absolute truth. Thus encouraging the U. S. Media and society to, in it’s thoughts, rightly denounce or discriminate against the gay population. Since media is a strong driving force of information and individual opinions in the U. S. , especially to many nieve people, it in not unrealistic to think that media is of a big influence on homophobia in America. All this talk about the causes of homophobia is sure to have one wondering how it effects the actual gay individual or gay community. Ask any gay person and they will more than likely say that homophobia has been or is a serious and hurtful problem, but just how does it really affect them? Homophobia has many, many negative affects on gays, many of which they have no control of what so ever. Among these many affects, the one that is seen to occur the most is the strongly held negative attitudes that the American public has on their lives. Gay people are discriminated against everyday in the U. S. , and sometimes even almost every day of their lives. They are verbal harassed in the workplace, at school, or even out in public in general. Severe prejudice against the homosexual orientation is seen to be extremely common and more hostile around highschool students and young adults, these young gay people must combat and suffer what their peers say to them on a daily basis, whether said to their face or not, it still has severe psychological effects on a person. â€Å"Prejudice and discrimination have social and personal impact. On an individual level, such prejudice and discrimination may also have negative consequences, especially if gay people attempt to conceal or deny their sexual orientation. Although many gay people learn to cope with the social stigma against homosexuality, this pattern of prejudice can have serious negative effects on health and well-being. This treatment to which gays are subjected to has significant mental health concerns. This also amounts to a great amount of stress, although social support is crucial in coping with stress, antigay attitudes and discrimination may make it difficult for gay people to find such support. (American Psychological Association 2) As it was said above, being gay adds a considerable amount of stress to ones life, sterotype upon stereotype upon stereotype are thrown at them, and they have to attempt to cope with it and get on with life. Although this may work for some, for others the stress leads to other serious problems, problems such as constant or severe depression, suicidal thoughts, and even more stress. Feeling suicidal is never a good situation, and it is shown to be four times as likely that gay people, specifically men, attempt to kill themselves or actually do kill themselves. Recently there has been a tremendous jump in the amount of suicides of gay people, all where high school or college age, and where harassed about their sexual orientation until it was unbearable. This shows that the pressures on gays is increasing steadily and is becoming more consistant in it’s effects it has on the individual. Among the many people in the American gay population many are subjected to violent accounts of homphobia that usually has them physically assaulted. These horrific events are aptly named â€Å"gay bashings†. One would like to say that this does not happen much in America as much as people say it does, one also cannot deny or ignore their occurrences either. The victims of these viscious attacks are almost always very badly injured and usually in the hospital for quite some time, many do not even make it to the hospital. Often times after these attacks are over and the suspects have been apprehended, they are hit with a lighter sentence than they actually deserve. Instead of being charged with a hate crime, they often get of easy with counts of assault. This is a major let down of our governments purpose, our government really drops the ball here. The reason we have government is to defend America’s citizens, and that is not happening when â€Å"gay bashers† are let of the hook that easily. This, in many cases can be seen as a hate crime due the recurring fashion of the attacks and in the sense that these people being attacked are targeted directly due to their sexual orientation. Things like this must be further and more thoroughly prevented in America, no gay person should be afraid of being assaulted whenever they go out into public, this must come to an end. As a nation America needs to stop pretending it is not a problem and open it’s eyes and realized what it is letting happen way too often. American society and culture needs to learn to that not every body is the same and needs to learn to be tolerant of differences. One way people could be aware and start prevention of all these many issues discussed is gay people should learn that even though society disaproves, that there is nothing wrong with who they are, they are born that way and cant change so have to learn to live with it. Heterosexual people who wish to stop homophobia in it’s tracks need to examine their response to antigay stereotypes and prejudice, they can make a point of coming to know gay people and realizing that they are human too. They should go hand in hand with the gay community against the fight of homophobia in America, heterosexuals are often in a good position to point out to other heterosexual people how irrational their homophobia can be. Studies of prejudice, including prejudice against gay people, consistently shows that prejudice declines when members of the majority group interact with members of a minority group interact wiht members of a minority group. In keeping wiht this general pattern, one of the most powerful influences on heterosexuals’ acceptances of gay people is having personal contact with an openly gay person. Antigay attitudes are far less common amoung members of the population who have a close family member or friend who is gay, especially if the gay person has been directly open about their sexual orientation toward the heterosexual person. These are of the many examples of how Americans CAN change their view on homosexuality. The causes of homophobia through the church, government, and media are known, and the effects these things have on the gay community can be seen. It is not until The United States of America realizes that these all have underlying problems and are a part of the bigger picture, can homophobia be further and better prevented in America.

Jack the Ripper: The Most Famous Killer in History Essay -- History, C

Jack the Ripper is perhaps the most famous serial murder case in the world. Even after over one hundred, twenty years, the case is widely talked about, speculated about, and mulled over (Jones, Jack the Ripper 1888). A lot of the intrigue over the case lies in the fact that it is, to this day, unsolved. Questions still remain over the case. What was Jack the Ripper’s real identity? What was the actual number of victims? The known murders attributed to Jack the Ripper took place between August 7, 1888 and November 10, 1888 (Jack the Ripper Biography). There were five known victims; four suspected prostitutes and another woman, all of whom were severely dissected. Four of the women had their throats slit and organs removed, a kidney in one instance and the reproductive organs in another. The murder of the other victim, Elizabeth Stride, is said to have been interrupted (Cohen). Other murders have been unofficially credited to Jack the Ripper, under the assumption that he had left London. Directly after the last murder in London, there was one in the United States that matched the method of operation exactly, the mutilations also exact to the murders of Jack the Ripper. Other people say that murders in South Africa matched, also, and bore his â€Å"signature† (Cohen). One victim, Mary Nichols, was a 41 year old prostitute. She had been thrown out of lodging earlier for not having the money that she needed, and she stated that she would come back with the money (Jones, Jack the Ripper Photos). She was discovered at almost 3:40 AM on August 31, 1888. Upon inspection, it was found that her skin was still warm, and it was thought that she might have still been shallowly breathing. The man, though, Charles Cross, refused to touch her after... ...ple/jack-the-ripper-9351486 Jones, Richard. â€Å"Jack the Ripper 1888.† Jack the Ripper. 2010. November 21, 2011. http://www.jack-the-ripper.org/ Jones, Richard â€Å"Jack the Ripper Letters.† Jack the Ripper. 2010. November 21, 2011. http://www.jack-the-ripper.org/letters.htm Jones, Richard. â€Å"Jack the Ripper Photos.† Walks of London. 2007. November 21, 2011. http://www.walksoflondon.co.uk/28/jack-the-ripper-photos.shtml Jones, Richard. â€Å"Mary Kelly’s Body is Discovered.† Jack the Ripper. 2010. November 21, 2011. http://www.jack-the-ripper.org/mary-kelly-murder.htm Jones, Richard. â€Å"Mary Nichols- The First Victim.† Jack the Ripper. 2010. November 21, 2011. http://www.jack-the-ripper.org/jack-the-ripper-victim-mary-nichols.htm Mallett, Xanthe. â€Å"Is This The Face of Jack the Ripper?† BBC. August 30, 2011. November 21, 2011. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-14207581

Santa Sangre by Alejandro Jodorowsky: Impact of Parents’ Death on a Child

Religiously grotesque and lustful, yet surrealistically beautiful is the film Santa Sangre (1989) by cult director Alejandro Jodorowsky. The film portrays, in a brutal manner, the impact brought upon the deaths of a mother and father unto a child left orphan. Leading role Fenix (Axel Jodorowsky), after witnessing his fathers’ suicide (slit throat) and later knowing that his father had cut-off his mother’s arms before slicing himself, grows up heavily traumatized. He is first shown in the film, in adulthood, inside of a mental institution, naked, eating a whole fish, uncooked. With this film you will take a plunge in cold, very deep water: so many colors and shapes; so many mysteries; fantastic and terrifying monsters; in short, the human mind. Alejandro Jodorowsky achieves another astonishing masterpiece by bringing his own personal background into the film. In his early years, he learned the arts of trapeze and miming; he even studied with the great Marcel Marceau. One of his first employers was a Circus in Chile, his hometown. There he took a job as a clown and started to absorb the mysterious ways and trickeries the public awes and cheers at circuses. Besides the colorful clowns and the saddening mimes, there is also another fundamental element that takes place in the film: religion. Fenix’s mother, Concha, is the religious and â€Å"moral† element in the film. She worships a Mexican church by the name of Santa Sangre (â€Å"Holy Blood†). She acquires a divine strength, or a dark power, that will forever haunt her orphan child, making the viewer think twice if the mother is in fact dead, alive, or a hallucination; or all three put together!. She lost her arms to her adulterous husband, but her son could still be of use, somehow; come to think of it, he still has a fresh pair of arms. The acclaim and height of this film comes not from the awards and/or nominations it has earned, but from the public itself, from the cult followers of this great and terror stricken director. Having directed cult movies like El Topo, in 1970, and The Holy Mountain, in 1973, in 1989 he comes back with Santa Sangre to give his audience another taste of surrealism and horror; of blood and family, which his followers then, would have expected nothing less than a great work of art. And it delivered, big time. The soundtrack really caught my interest and attention. I found it equally amazing and horrifying how the use of classic Latin hits made the movie even more haunting, more intriguing, more agitated. More importantly, was that the soundtrack brought in even more culture into the film. The music very much compensated the fact that the dialogues were all in English even though the film is set in Mexico and the majority of the cast is Hispanic. Anyway, if music is something that catches your attention, then I am sure you won’t mind me listing a few: â€Å"Besame Mucho† by Consuelo Velazquez, â€Å"Lupita† by Damaso Perez Prado, â€Å"Cucurrucucu paloma† by Tomas Mendez, and â€Å"Dejame Llorar† by Alfonso Esparza Oteo. The Internet Movie Database (www. imdb. com) is a pretty tough crowd when it comes to rating movies. IMDB hits this movie, with over 5000 voters, with a very accurate rating of 7. 6 out of 10. That is a pretty high rating when it comes to a terror film listed in IMDB. Moreover, acclaimed film critic Robert Ebert writes â€Å"Santa Sangre is a throwback to the golden age, to the days when filmmakers had bold individual visions and were not timidly trying to duplicate the latest mass-market formulas. † He is definitely right, so please: get up; buy; hit play.

Lil Richard’s Music Career and Influence Essay

Richard Wayne Penniman born in December 5, 1932 in Macon, Georgia began singing in his local church choir while he was young. Richard’s family had a family gospel group and thus he grew up in a gospel setting. At his young age, he was fascinated by shows that came to his town, and at the age of fourteen he left home and went with one show of medicine. He loved stage performance. At the age of fifteen years he was performing with minstrel show and there he got the name ‘little Richard’. Richard began performing at low-rent rhythm and blues revues, where he learned to mix gospel fervor with blues lyrics. (Tipton 1). Lil Richard learned to use the piano in 1951 by befriending Esquentia who taught him the pounding piano style for which he later became famous. He then went to Atlanta and met a singer by the name Bill Wright, whose hairstyle, stage makeup and performance attracted Lil very much. Later he won a talent contest award and thereafter with the help of Bill Wright signed a contract with RCA records in 1951 and released four singles. At the age of eighteen years he had the first recording session and his records sold well in Macon and Atlanta. His father’s murder made him deviate from music and started washing dishes, a job that supported his family; later he bounced back to music dominating Macon rhythm-and- blues with a new band. In mid 1950’s he laid down a foundation for rock and roll kind of music, and set rules governing that kind of music, thus he began with songs like â€Å"Tutti Frutti† and â€Å"Good Golly, Miss Molly† and by 1968 he had managed to sell well over 32 million records internationally. In 1958, however, at the height of his career, Lil Richard renounced his rock and roll lifestyle in favor of fundamentalist religion. Since that time, he has continued to vacillate between show business and the church, while never losing sight of his profound influences on countless rock and roll performers. Despite his inner conflict, Little Richard has justifiably earned his status as a true musical legend. (Tipton 1) After leaving the music industry for some time Lil Richard returned in 1985 and in 1986 he was inducted into Rock and Roll Hall of fame and he began series of performances and appearances. Richard was influenced by the surrounding where he was born, that is, Macon, Georgia; the heart of America’s gospel belt and he was attracted to singing in the church where his family too participated. He was greatly influenced by Sister Rosetta, the ‘Original Soul Sister’ of recorded music. She was Richard’s favorite singer whom he admired, and she provided Richard with his first ‘paid gig’ in 1945 when she invited him to sing on stage. The rock and roll piano style of Fats Domino that grew out of the distinctive sound of New Orleans Rhythm and Blues also influenced Lil Richard. Richard’s had an impact on music since his influence on both Rhythm & Blues and Rock ‘n’ Roll was significant. He is considered to be the man behind transitions from Rhythm & Blues to Rock ‘n’ Roll. Little Richard is an artist who has largely influenced the music of 20th century. He inspired a large number of artists to the music stage who consider him their idol. Cark Dick points that with Richard’s excellence he became a role model for every rock and roll performer. Redding Otis hints that he entered music business because of Richard (Friedlander 17). Following his rapid success, of stunning, spine-tingling R&B hits, like â€Å"Rip it up†, defined the new sound of rock and roll with changed piano-playing, and funky rocking arrangements. Further he influenced to develop the genre of music by injection of funk element to his music at his time through saxophone, which was studded in 1950’s road band. With a heavily accentuated back- beat, funky saxophone grooves and shouted vocals and emotive characteristics in his performances and songs marked a new kind of music. Richard provided outrageous extroversion, screaming out the often rather meaningless words of his songs, for example ‘Awopbopaloobopalambamboom’, but he made a kind of wild poetic frenzy out of these nonsense lyrics and that anti-linguistic drift has been found in rock music, and indicates the sensuousness or rock and pop. (Horrocks 132) Lil, a Black American influenced the music of the whites. British musicians in Liverpool, the Beatles were heavily influenced by Black music. The Beatles were not only paraphrasing Lil’s work but blending with them other musics and other cultural influences. (Horrocks 137). Lil’s rock music that began in the United States had an impact to the music industry since it was shaped and gave birth to popular music that ignited music professionals to venture into popular music by imitating Lil’s rock and roll. Nevertheless, Little Richard’s seminal influence in the arena of rock music cannot be diminished. He remains a legendary and iconic figure in popular music. Works Cited Horrocks R. Male myths and icons: masculinity in popular culture. Palgrave Macmillan, 1995, 130-138. Friedlander P. Rock and roll: a social history. Westview Press, 1996, 14-23. Tipton Nathan. , G. Little Richard (Richard Penniman). Chicago: West Adams, 2002,1-6.

Respond To Withdrawal Behaviors Example

Respond To Withdrawal Behaviors Example Respond To Withdrawal Behaviors – Coursework Example Employee Turnover: Voluntary and Involuntary Turnover. al Affiliation) In expanding on my colleagues posting, I will talkabout employee turnover. Employee turnover is when an employee leaves a company for reasons. Voluntary turnover is when an employee leaves an organization out of his or her own will. On the other hand, involuntary turnover entails employees leaving being controlled by the organization (Holtom, et al., 2008).Employee turnover can be affected by the P-O fit that is the compatibility of an employee and the organization they are working for. The P-O fit has been analyzed in terms of value congruence that is the compatibility between the employee and organizational values. There is the goal congruence that is the affinity of the employees and organizational goals. Employees without either value congruence or goal congruence tend to leave an organization because of the incompatibility between them and the organization. Additionally, job in satisfaction results in an empl oyee leaving an organization voluntarily, for example a supervisor harassing an employee will make the employee to quit. The lack of peace in their work place will lower their performance, therefore reducing the possibilities for them to get promoted. Involuntary turnover can occur when an organization needs to reduce staff because of change in business focus. For instance, Nokia Company used to do rubber works and cable works company and now they do mobile phones and mobile games this affected the staff for they had to be fired for the job no longer suited that staff for the new company’s work. Violation of company’s policies such as stealing from an organization can lead an employee being terminated which is among involuntary turnover.In conclusion, an employee can leave an organization based on either reasons, that are influenced by the organization or the employee’s reasons. ReferenceHoltom, B. C., Mitchell, T. R., Lee, T. W. and Eberly.M.B (2008). Turnover and Retention: A Glance at the Past, a Closer Review of the Present, and a Venture into the Future.

Motivational Quotes for Teens

Motivational Quotes for Teens Great thinkers throughout history have imparted insights that can provide inspiration for teens. From the value of hard work and optimism to the importance of time, itself, these quotes can help motivate any teenager. Hard Work Theres no substitute for hard work. -  Thomas Edison It took Edison more than 1,000 unsuccessful attempts over the course of a year before he produced the worlds first commercially viable light bulb. So, the next time your teen wants to give up, tell her about the persistence and work ethic of one of our greatest inventors. There is no elevator to success. You have to take the stairs. -   Author unknown Like Edison, this unknown author is talking about the importance of perseverance and putting in the effort to succeed. Thats an important motivational thought for any teen. Optimism There is no sadder sight than a young pessimist. -  Mark TwainThose who wish to sing, always find a song. -  Swedish Proverb A teen can find plenty of inspiration from Twains eternally optimistic characters, Huckleberry Finn and Tom Sawyer. And, there are plenty of references to singing in Twains The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn- an optimistic trait the Swedish proverb alludes to.   Time Time is free, but its priceless. You cant own it, but you can use it. You cant keep it, but you can send it. Once youve lost it, you can never get it back. -  Harvey MackayTime ripens all things, no man is born wise. -  Miguel de Cervantes The importance of using your time wisely can be a great motivational thought for teens. MacKay  wrote such well-known business books as Swim with the Sharks Without Being Eaten Alive,  which explained how to use your time to outsell- and outperform- others, while Cervantes, Spains greatest author, wrote about the ever-optimistic Don Quixote, a character who used his time to try to save the world. Character, Change, and Discovery To be able to practice five things everywhere under heaven constitutes perfect virtue... gravity, generosity of soul, sincerity, earnestness, and kindness. -  ConfuciusThere is nothing permanent except change. -  HeraclitusThere are two  great days  in a persons  life- the day we are born and the day we discover why. -  William BarclayThere are two educations. One should teach us how to make a living and the other how to live. -  John Adams Confucious, Chinas greatest philosopher; Heraclitus, a Greek philosopher; Barclay, a Scottish theologian, and Adams, our second president, who also helped sustain the Revolution with his brilliant negotiating skills, all talked about how life is an adventure- ever-changing, yet always providing an opportunity to learn, discover and strive to be your best self. That is certainly an important and serious thought to light a fire under any teen looking for motivation.

Kinetic Theory of Matter Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Kinetic Theory of Matter - Essay Example The paper tells that the Kinetic theory of matter is a theory that describes states of matter.   There are three states of matter namely solids, liquids, and gases. This theory states that matter is composed of particles that are in constant motion. These particles are either atoms or molecules. The particles in solids cannot move to another location but they can only vibrate because they are closely held to each other. There is enough space in liquids and therefore the particles are free to move but they attract one another. In gases, there is enough free space since the particles are far apart. As more Kinetic energy is gained by the particles, the components of matter change their state; solids change into liquids and liquids change into gases. Kinetic energy is as a result of heating the particles thus making them move apart from one another. The Kinetic theory is based on the fact that when heated, the molecules quickly vibrate and some of it moves from the matter. The physica l states of matter can be explained by the kinetic theory. Heat is a form of energy that is being transferred from region to another. The energy transfer is as a result of thermal contact or thermal radiation and occurs at different temperatures of the systems. Nuclear reactions such as those that are responsible for the burning of the sun release heat. Insulators can also be used to trap heat for a limited time. Energy is transferred through three modes namely conduction, convection or radiation, depending on the medium through which it is being transferred.... It can either be forced or free convection. In radiation, there is no contact between the objects in which the heat transfer is taking place. The transfer takes place through electro-magnetic waves, and does not require a medium. Heat is measured in joules. Temperature Temperature is the measure of the amount of heat energy in a body and the capacity for heat transfer. It can also be defined as the measurement of the mean kinetic energy of molecules in a system. The apparatus that are commonly used in the measurement of temperature are the thermometer and calorimeter. The SI unit for measuring temperature is the centigrade (Celsius), although in physics the Kelvin scale is often used. Warmth or coldness can be felt from contact with an object and this describes the object’s temperature. Relationship between heat and temperature As mentioned earlier, heat is a form of energy that is being transferred from one region to another while temperature is the measure of the amount of h eat energy in a body and the capacity for heat transfer. Therefore, the amount of heat determines the temperature of a body or a region. An increase in heat energy increases the kinetic energy of molecules thus making them to move faster resulting to a rise in temperature. In addition, how fast or slow the molecules move is determined by the amount of heat energy they possess. There is a direct relationship between heat and temperature in that as the kinetic energy of molecules is increased, the temperature also increases. Differences between heat and temperatures Though the two concepts are closely related, there is a distinction between them. Temperature is the amount of inner energy of a system. On the other hand, heat is a measure of the transfer of energy from a system to

The Development of the Post-Painterly Paradigm Research Paper

The Development of the Post-Painterly Paradigm - Research Paper Example In the Autumn Rhythm, the effects of the utilization of state ks and other materials are evident. Additionally, inflexion is perceptible, owing to the use of dissimilar colour paints that include black and white. Inflexion is also visible in the force of pouring and dripping on the canvas, thereby producing a significant piece of artwork. Besides, the web-like curves within the artwork critically depict a key inflexion in the Autumn Rhythm. Another significant work is the artwork of Robert Rauschenberg, Dirt Painting in 1953. The object, (dirt on the mould), portrayed was dirt and the d mould embedded in the wooden frame measuring 39 by 41 by 6 cm in dimension (Halasz, 309). The work comprised of dirt placed on a wooden frame and dirt growing on it. Another work is the Automobile Tire Paint, by the same artist, Robert Rauschenberg. The work consisted of twenty sheets of drawing paper. He then inked the rear tire of a car driven by the cage, thereby making the e imprints on the papers . The Automobile Tire Paint depicted significant inflexions in the line thicknesses of the imprints that formed on the paper sheets. Besides, owing to the weight of the automobile, the paints on the paper sheets were heavily imprinted on the sheets, thereby highlighting the zigzag markings. Additionally, the works showed a critical inflexion, owing to the faint imprint from the front tire of the wheel, and the rear tire deposited a succulent black tread blot that extends in a retreating procession, the length of the laid-down paper sheets.

Gender Ad Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Gender Ad Paper - Essay Example The advertisement is for the bra and clearly illustrates a strong gender message of women as somewhat weak and the object of sexual desire. This message was purposefully created by the Wonderbra company, which looks to be a layout for presentation within a magazine. It is brilliantly detailed in solid colors, looking almost like a retro advertisement for a 1950’s woman, however caught in a contemporary scenario in the construction environment. The visual image of the hook catching her professional outfit to expose her underlying bra indicates that the crane operator was likely appealing to his own desires to view the unclothed female body and had deliberately snagged her outfit just to catch a peek. Again, this illustrates that the female consumer can be dominated by men in a very stereotypical role of the passerby being whistled at by lustful and isolated construction workers. The audience for this advertisement, interestingly, is actually for women in an effort to sell more bras to consumers. This would indicate that the company is attempting to create a connection with more subordinate women who might be thrilled by being caught in a similar experience. This would represent marketing which is attempting to relate to women who are business professionals who, in their personal lives, might enjoy a more risquà © social situation such as being the object of sexual desire in a construction environment. The message being sent in this ad clearly identifies women as being sexual and somewhat provocative, which is enhanced by the male worker mesmerized by the woman’s plight. He looks as though he is posed to come to her rescue, which again highlights a gender message being sent which makes women appear to be the less-dominant gender in need of masculine assistance. Clearly, sexuality is on the forefront of this

Procesos Industriales y de Servicio

Procesos Industriales y de Servicio Cadena de valor: es un modelo teà ³rico que permite describir el desarrollo de las actividades de una organizacià ³n empresarial, descrito y popularizado por Michael E. Porter. La cadena de valor categoriza las actividades que producen valor aà ±adido en una organizacià ³n en dos tipos: las actividades primarias y las actividades de apoyo o auxiliares. Las actividades primarias se refieren a la creacià ³n fà ­sica del producto, su venta y el servicio posventa, y pueden tambià ©n a su vez, diferenciarse en sub-actividades. El modelo de la cadena de valor distingue cinco actividades primarias: Logà ­stica interna: comprende operaciones de recepcià ³n, almacenamiento y distribucià ³n de las materias primas. Operaciones (produccià ³n): recepcià ³n de las materias primas para transformarlas en el producto final. Logà ­stica externa: almacenamiento de los productos terminados y distribucià ³n del producto al consumidor. Marketing y Ventas: actividades con las cuales se da a conocer el producto. Servicio: de post-venta o mantenimiento, agrupa las actividades destinadas a mantener o realizar el valor del producto, mediante la aplicacià ³n de garantà ­as. Las actividades primarias està ¡n apoyadas o auxiliadas por las tambià ©n denominadas actividades secundarias: Infraestructura de la organizacià ³n: actividades que prestan apoyo a toda la empresa, como la planificacià ³n, contabilidad y las finanzas. Direccià ³n de recursos humanos: bà ºsqueda, contratacià ³n y motivacià ³n del personal. Desarrollo de tecnologà ­a, investigacià ³n y desarrollo: obtencià ³n, mejora y gestià ³n de la tecnologà ­a. Abastecimiento (compras): proceso de compra de los materiales. Para cada actividad de valor aà ±adido han de ser identificados los generadores de costes y valor 2. Identificacià ³n y priorizacià ³n de macroprocesos Las empresas y sus divisiones autà ³nomas dirigen sus asuntos principales por medio de grandes sistemas de uso repetido que son intrà ­nsecamente multifuncionales llamados macroprocesos. La mayorà ­a de los macroprosesos son procesos empresariales que tienen sus papeles dentro del concepto de sacar nuevos productos, procesar los pedidos de los clientes, cobrar, contratar empleados, entre otros. Los macroprocesos reciben informacià ³n de los proveedores, procesan esta informacià ³n, producen productos concretos y sirven esos productos a los clientes, externos e internos. El procesamiento realizado concuerda con la definicià ³n de proceso: serie sistemà ¡tica de acciones dirigidas al logro de un objetivo. Cuando las empresas crecen los macroprosesos se vuelven muy numerosos. Un macroproceso consiste en muchos segmentos llamados microprocesos. Cada uno se lleva a cabo dentro de una unidad organizativa funcional que, con frecuencia, està ¡ presidida por un supervisor de primera là ­nea. En resumen, los macroprocesos son aquellos que tienen mà ¡s de un proceso. 3. Diagramas de relacià ³n, interdisciplinarios y de flujo. Las herramientas que permiten visualizar mejor las rutas hacia el cambio son: los diagramas de relacià ³n, de proceso y de flujo. Los diagramas ayudan a dar visibilidad a trabajo. Ayudan a documentar las rutas que se emplean para satisfacer al cliente. El anà ¡lisis de estos diagramas permiten aumentar identificar acciones de mejora o cambio como: reducir tiempo de ciclo, disminuir defectos, bajar costos, medir desempeà ±os, reducir nà ºmero de pasos que no proporcionan valor agregado, etc. Se convierten en requisitos previos e importantes para tener à ©xito en el rediseà ±o estructural, reingenierà ­a o benchmarking. Diagrama de relacià ³n: Indica las interrelaciones o và ­nculos existentes entre los clientes y proveedores en las distintas partes de la organizacià ³n. Visià ³n global que describe las interacciones entre las principales funciones de la empresa. Es una imagen de las conexiones de entrada y salida (clientes y proveedores) entre las partes de una organizacià ³n, como las funciones, departamentos, divisiones o à ¡reas Diagrama de procesos interdisciplinarios: Muestran la forma en que los principales procesos atraviesan los là ­mites de varias funciones. Revela quà © ocurre en el interior y muestra la secuencia de pasos de los procesos productivos, entradas y salidas. Ilustran la forma de hacer el trabajo en las organizaciones, las trayectorias que siguen los insumos al ser transformados en resultados que los clientes valoran. Flujogramas: Herramienta mà ¡s conocida para ilustrar procesos productivos. Para definir, documentar y analizar procesos, con nivel alto de detalle. Un flujograma es la representacià ³n grà ¡fica de las secuencias de pasos que integran un proceso.   Mientras mà ¡s informacià ³n se incorpore serà ¡ de mà ¡s utilidad. Existen tres mà ©todos bà ¡sicos para recolectar la informacià ³n necesaria para crear un diagrama: Auto generacià ³n. Cuando se domina completamente el proceso. Entrevistas personalizadas. Con proveedores, operarios y clientes del proceso. Validacià ³n. Entrevista en grupo. Participacià ³n conjunta de todas las personas relevantes e involucradas, para la creacià ³n y validacià ³n del diagrama. El criterio mà ¡s importante para seleccionar el proceso es el impacto que tiene sobre el valor que percibe el cliente. Seleccionar los procesos que realizan las mà ¡ximas contribuciones al cliente como clase mundial y alta competitividad. Existen Otros criterios como la reduccià ³n de costos, reduccià ³n de tiempo de ciclo o respuesta, minimizar o eliminar defectos, cuellos de botella, tecnologà ­a obsoleta, etc. 4. Descripcià ³n de procesos Informacià ³n bà ¡sica (encabezado) Nombre del proceso Responsable o dueà ±o del proceso Cliente (persona, à ¡rea, depto. o empresa) Inicio Final Fecha en la cual se hace la descripcià ³n del proceso. Versià ³n Quià ©n lo elaborà ³ Quià ©n lo autorizà ³ Observaciones   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Elementos que constituyen la descripcià ³n del proceso ENTRADAS ACTIVIDADES RESPONSABLE SALIDAS Documentos o productos Accià ³n que se realiza con los elementos de entrada para producir las salidas. Deben de expresarse con verbos activos Personas o personas que ejecutan la accià ³n. Documentos o productos. FORMATO PARA DESCRIPCIÓN DE PROCESOS CRà TICOS IDENTIFICADOS A continuacià ³n se presenta el formato para que cada persona describa el proceso indicado. NOMBRE DEL PROCESO_________________________________________ DUEÑO DEL PROCESO__________________________________________ INICIO DEL PROCESO: __________________________________________ FINALIZACIÓN DEL PROCESO: __________________________________ CLIENTE_______________________________________________________ FECHA_____________________VERSIÓN: __________________________ ENTRADAS ACTIVIDADES RESPONSABLE SALIDAS Elaborado por:_______________________  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Aprobado por: _____________________ Fecha: _______________   Circulacià ³n: ______________________________________ 5. Rediseà ±o y validacià ³n de proceso Para ser competitivos deberà ­amos de abandonar las viejas ideas acerca de cà ³mo se debà ­a organizar   y dirigir un negocio. La reingenierà ­a significa volver a empezar, arrancando de cero. En esencia, la idea està ¡ en el pensamiento discontinuo. La identificacià ³n y el abandono de reglas anticuadas y de supuestos fundamentales que sustentan las operaciones o procesos corrientes. La reingenierà ­a es la revisià ³n fundamental   y el rediseà ±o radical de los procesos para alcanzar mejoras espectaculares en medidas crà ­ticas y contemporà ¡neas de rendimiento, tales como costos, calidad, servicio y rapidez. METODOLOGà A I: FASE I Filosofà ­a empresarial: Visià ³n, Misià ³n y Valores. Definir la empresa (productos o servicios, competencia, estructura, etc.) Identificacià ³n de procesos Clasificacià ³n de procesos crà ­ticos (cadena de valor) Diagrama de interrelaciones de procesos crà ­ticos FASE II Mapeo de procesos crà ­ticos. Recursos, documentos, apoyo e indicadores de eficiencia   y eficacia. Descripcià ³n de procesos crà ­ticos. Construccià ³n de diagramas de los procesos crà ­ticos.  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   FASE III Validacià ³n de los procesos. Complementar los procesos con medidas importantes dependiendo del tipo de proceso (tiempo, distancia, satisfaccià ³n.) Anà ¡lisis de Valor Agregado. Eliminar lo no necesario y que no agregue valor. Tratar de mejorar las necesarias que no agregan valor en cuanto a la dimensià ³n clave. FASE IV Analizar y rediseà ±ar los procesos. Cuantificar las mejoras. Validar el nuevo proceso Programar su implementacià ³n. Proyectar los beneficios Seguimiento y evaluacià ³n. Mejora de los procesos. METODOLOGIA II: PREPARACIÓN: 1.1 Reconocer la necesidad 1.2 Desarrollar consenso ejecutivo 1.3 Capacitar al equipo 1.4 Planificar el cambio IDENTIFICACIÓN: 2.1 Modelar clientes 2.2 Definir y medir rendimiento 2.3 Definir entidades 2.4 Modelar procesos 2.5 Identificar actividades 2.6 Extender modelo de proceso 2.7 Correlacionar organizacià ³n 2.8 Correlacionar recursos 2.9 Fijar prioridades de procesos VISIÓN: 3.1 Entender estructura del proceso 3.2 Entender el flujo del proceso 3.3 Identificar actividades de valor agregado 3.4 Referenciar rendimiento 3.5 Determinar impulsores del rendimiento 3.6 Calcular oportunidad 3.7 Visualizar el ideal (externo) 3.8 Visualizar el ideal (interno) 3.9 Integrar visiones 3.10 Definir subdivisiones SOLUCIÓN: Diseà ±o tà ©cnico 4 A1. Modelar relaciones de entidades 4 A2. Reexaminar conexiones de los procesos 4 A3. Instrumentar e informar 4 A4. Consolidar interfaces e informacià ³n 4 A5. Redefinir alternativas 4 A6. Reubicar y reprogramar controles 4 A7. Modularizar 4 A8. Especificar implantacià ³n 4 A9. Aplicar tecnologà ­a 4 A10. Planificar implementacià ³n SOLUCIÓN: Diseà ±o Social 4 B1. Facultar a empleados que tienen contacto con clientes 4 B2. Identificar grupos de caracterà ­sticas de cargos 4 B3. Definir cargos / equipos 4 B4. Definir necesidades de destrezas y personal 4 B5. Especificar la estructura gerencial 4 B6. Rediseà ±ar fronteras organizacionales 4 B7. Especificar cambios de cargos 4 B8. Diseà ±ar planes de carreras 4 B9. Definir organizacià ³n de transicià ³n 4 B10. Diseà ±ar programa de gestià ³n del cambio 4 B11. Diseà ±ar incentivos 4 B12. Planificar implementacià ³n TRANSFORMACIÓN: 5.1 Completar diseà ±o del sistema 5.2 Ejecutar diseà ±o tà ©cnico 5.3 Desarrollar planes de prueba y de introduccià ³n 5.4 Evaluar al personal 5.5 Construir sistema 5.6 Capacitar al personal 5.7 Hacer prueba piloto del nuevo proceso 5.8 Refinamiento y transicià ³n 5.9 Mejora continua ESTRUCTURA Là ­der. Alto ejecutivo que autoriza y motiva el esfuerzo total de la reingenierà ­a. Actuar como visionario y motivador, ideando, exponiendo la visià ³n del tipo de organizacià ³n que desea crear, comunica a todo el personal el sentido y propà ³sito. Debe tener autoridad sobre los recursos necesarios. Ser un autà ©ntico là ­der, vigoroso, emprendedor, convencido y conocedor. Dueà ±o del proceso. Gerente responsable de un proceso especà ­fico y del esfuerzo. Tiene la responsabilidad de rediseà ±ar su proceso. Debe acomodarse al cambio y ser sereno ante la adversidad. Motiva, inspira y asesoras a los equipos. Equipo. Grupo de individuos dedicados a rediseà ±ar un proceso, lo diagnostican, supervisan y ejecutan. Producir ideas y planes para convertirlos en realidades. Capacitarse, inventar y descubrir, creatividad y sà ­ntesis. Comità © Directivo. Cuerpo formulador de polà ­ticas, desarrollan estrategias y supervisan el progreso. Priorizan, asignan recursos y resuelven conflictos. Zar. Individuo responsable de desarrollar tà ©cnicas e instrumentos y de lograr sinergia. Capacita y apoya; coordina las actividades. 6. Herramientas para la optimizacià ³n de procesos PROCESO HERRAMIENTAS 1. Identificar problemas para resolver y proyectos de mejora. à ¼ Recoleccià ³n de datos à ¼ Tormenta de ideas à ¼ Principio de Pareto 2. Investigar las verdaderas causas del problema y/o factores para un proyecto. à ¼ Grà ¡ficas e histogramas à ¼ Listas de verificacià ³n à ¼ Tormenta de ideas à ¼ Diagrama causa efecto à ¼ Principio de Pareto à ¼ Anà ¡lisis de registro de produccià ³n o inspeccià ³n. 3. Determinar las mejores opciones o soluciones. à ¼ Principio de Pareto à ¼ Tormenta de ideas 4. Aplicar y evaluar las soluciones. à ¼ Recoleccià ³n de datos à ¼ Listas de verificacià ³n à ¼ Grà ¡ficas e histogramas 5. Tomar acciones para evitar que el problema se repita o asegurar que el proyecto sea exitoso. à ¼ Conceptos modernos de control à ¼ Modelos de planeacià ³n. 6. Presentacià ³n a la Gerencia. à ¼ Presentacià ³n profesional con la participacià ³n de todos los involucrados. RECOLECCIÓN DE DATOS Consiste en la recopilacià ³n de datos en forma acumulativa y sistemà ¡tica que se efectà ºa sobre determinada situacià ³n (equipo, proceso, procedimiento, actitud u otros) en formatos adecuados como reportes, hojas de trabajo o formas claras y durante un perà ­odo de tiempo, que està ©n directa o indirectamente relacionados con la calidad y el servicio. Procedimiento: a) Plantear claramente los objetivos del proyecto o del problema a resolver b) Analizar cada caso para definir quà © se va a medir u observar c) Registrar y ordenar todos los datos obtenidos d) Relacionarlos de manera que puedan proporcionar informacià ³n confiable e) Procesar la informacià ³n obtenida y validarla con los expertos en el tema f) Ordenar los datos de acuerdo con el grado de importancia o impacto g) Seleccionar la informacià ³n relevante a la solucià ³n del problema o al à ©xito del proyecto. TORMENTA DE IDEAS Es una tà ©cnica que consiste en dar oportunidad a todos los miembros de un equipo de trabajo, para opinar y sugerir con relacià ³n a un determinado proyecto o problema. Procedimiento: a) Se coloca el grupo frente a un rotafolio en forma circular. b) Nombrar a la persona que escribirà ¡ las ideas c) Se inicia el aporte de ideas uno por uno de acuerdo con la direccià ³n de las agujas del reloj. d) Cada idea es registrada en el rotafolio por la persona designada e) No se permite interrumpir o censurar al expositor de turno f) Las ideas se van desarrollando por està ­mulo de las ideas de los otros g) Se da por finalizada esta fase, cuando todos hallan agotado sus ideas del tema en cuestià ³n. h) Anà ¡lisis y reflexiones: cada quià ©n analiza la lista de ideas generadas, se permiten las preguntas para aclaraciones, se descartan las ideas descabelladas o no posibles, se utiliza alguna tà ©cnica adecuada para ordenarlas de acuerdo con la importancia que el grupo   considere adecuada. PRINCIPIO DE PARETO En todo fenà ³meno que resulte como consecuencia de la intervencià ³n de varias causas o factores ordenados de mayor a menor, segà ºn sea su importancia, se encontrarà ¡ que un nà ºmero pequeà ±o de causas, que encabeza la lista, contribuye a la mayor parte del efecto; mientras que el grupo restante, contribuye a una pequeà ±a parte del efecto.    CAUSAS  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   EFECTO Pocos Vitales  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Muchos Triviales Grà ¡fica de Pareto: Es una grà ¡fica presentada por barras verticales en forma descendente, correspondiente a la priorizacià ³n dada por el principio de Pareto o regla 80/20. Procedimiento: a) Identificar el efecto que nos interesa analizar (proyecto o problema crà ­tico) b) Hacer lista de todas las posibles causas que contribuyen al efecto (tormenta de ideas), si es posible se puede de una vez cuantificar el impacto. c) Ordenar dichas causas basadas en su contribucià ³n de mayor a menor, con su peso cuantitativo real o por medio del porcentaje. d) Graficar en forma de barras para identificar los pocos vitales y los muchos triviales. DIAGRAMA CAUSA EFECTO O DE ISHIKAWA. Es una herramienta para el anà ¡lisis de causa efecto, utilizada para determinar acciones o soluciones a problemas identificados a travà ©s de un anà ¡lisis de Pareto. Este diagrama de Ishikawa se traza con una espina dorsal o là ­nea central que constituye e camino a la cabeza que es donde colocamos el efecto (proyecto o problema a resolver), hacia la cual se dirigen las espinas que està ¡n constituidas por las causas y sub-causas. Tà ©cnica de las 5M ´s: En las empresas se utiliza esta clasificacià ³n de causas, que aunque no es obligatoria, incluye la clasificacià ³n de causas en cinco categorà ­as, que la experiencia muestra que son prà ¡cticas y nos ayuda a ordenar la informacià ³n de una forma bastante simple. Las categorà ­as especà ­ficas son: à ¼ Mano de obra à ¼ Mà ©todos y procedimientos à ¼ Materiales à ¼ Maquinaria y equipo à ¼ Medio ambiente. Procedimiento: a) Definir el problema o situacià ³n a realizar. Normalmente derivado del anà ¡lisis de Pareto. b) Dibuje un cuadro o rectà ¡ngulo al lado derecho de la hoja o superficie en la cual va a construir el diagrama y escriba dentro del cuadro el problema o efecto. c) Dibuje una flecha horizontal de izquierda a derecha que llegue al cuadro dibujado d) Dibuje las espinas, cinco si decide utilizar las 5M ´s, rotulando cada una con las categorà ­as. e) Coloque cada una de las causas de acuerdo con su naturaleza en la categorà ­a que considere adecuada.  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Utilice previamente la tormenta de ideas. f) Al terminar de la clasificacià ³n en el diagrama, determine las causas mà ¡s importantes para definir una accià ³n concreta. Mano de Obra  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Mà ©todos y Procedimientos Maquinaria y  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Materiales  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Medio ambiente Equipo CAUSAS EFECTO GRà FICAS ESTADà STICAS, HISTOGRAMA Las grà ¡ficas son representaciones de algà ºn fenà ³meno o evento cualquiera a travà ©s de figuras, sà ­mbolos, là ­neas, dibujos, etc   Al mismo tiempo, son herramientas de comunicacià ³n que permiten expresar de una forma muy clara, simple y efectiva lo que nos nà ºmeros muestran confusamente u ocultan. Procedimiento: a) Ordenar los datos en un formato adecuado para el efecto. b) Decidir quà © tipo de grà ¡fica serà ¡ à ºtil y verificar si se cuenta con los datos necesarios para construirla. c) Construir la grà ¡fica de acuerdo con los datos trazando en los casos que se necesiten los ejes horizontal (X) y vertical (X). d) Asigne la escala mà ¡s adecuada, buscando la proporcionalidad mà ¡s adecuada para el tipo de grà ¡fica que se construirà ¡. e) Dibuje a mano o con la ayuda de la computadora la grà ¡fica especà ­fica. f) Una puntos, correlacione variables, utilice porcentajes, etc.   dependiendo de si es una grà ¡fica de barras (verticales u horizontales), grà ¡fica de pastel o circular, un diagrama de dispersià ³n, una grà ¡fica de Pareto, un histograma, una grà ¡fica de control, etc. PRESENTACIÓN A LA GERENCIA Tambià ©n se denomina presentacià ³n de proyectos y es una de las actividades mà ¡s importantes y provechosas para los equipos, ya que todos tendrà ¡n la oportunidad de exponer frente a la gerencia. Consiste en presentar todo lo que se ha trabajado desde la tormenta de ideas para identificacià ³n de problemas o proyectos, hasta el planteamiento final de la solucià ³n, en la cual todos los integrantes de un equipo han aportado ideas, creatividad, trabajo y han colaborado para alcanzar el à ©xito. Procedimiento: Antes de la presentacià ³n: a) El equipo de trabajo debe prepararse y ordenar la presentacià ³n de su proyecto para que sea claro y preciso. b) Organizar, estableciendo un orden là ³gico de temas y asignarlos de tal manera que todos participen en la presentacià ³n.   c) Practicar la presentacià ³n para enmendar errores y cumplir con el tiempo designado. d) Preparar todos los detalles necesarios con anticipacià ³n, para evitar contratiempos. e) Asegurarse que en el lugar de la presentacià ³n donde se va a realizar està © bien acomodada y que se cuente con todos los recursos necesarios. f) Asegurarse que sean invitados y que asistan todas las personas que son vitales para la presentacià ³n. 7. Justo a tiempo Es una filosofà ­a industrial, que considera la reduccià ³n o eliminacià ³n de todo lo que implique desperdicio en las actividades de compras, fabricacià ³n, distribucià ³n y apoyo a la fabricacià ³n (actividades de oficina) en un negocio. El desperdicio se concibe como todo aquello que sea distinto de los recursos mà ­nimos absolutos de materiales, mà ¡quinas y mano de obra necesarios para agregar valor al producto. Justo a tiempo (JAT) implica producir sà ³lo exactamente lo necesario para cumplir las metas pedidas por el cliente, es decir producir el mà ­nimo nà ºmero de unidades en las menores cantidades posibles y en el à ºltimo momento posible, eliminando la necesidad de almacenaje, ya que las existencias mà ­nimas y suficientes llegan justo a tiempo para reponer las que acaban de utilizarse y la eliminacià ³n de el inventario de producto terminado. Para que el JAT sea efectivo es necesario desarrollar una cultura de intervencià ³n de las personas, de trabajo en equipo, de involucramiento de las personas con las tareas que realiza, de compromiso o lealtad de los colaboradores con los objetivos de la empresa, para que el JAT funcione. APLICACIONES Produccià ³n o procesos de produccià ³n. n Utilizar mà ¡quinas de mà ºltiples propà ³sitos, en las que fà ¡cilmente se pueda pasar de la produccià ³n de un componente a otro. n Aplicar las tà ©cnicas de grupos o celdas, donde las series de componentes se puedan producir juntas, esto permite reducir los perà ­odos de planificacià ³n. n Trazar un esquema en U, en el cual los materiales se colocan en un costado de la U, y los productos terminados en el otro costado, permitiendo la reduccià ³n del movimiento del material. n Utilizar à ³rdenes de compra generales , que autoricen a un proveedor a suministrar una cierta cantidad de material durante un perà ­odo de tiempo, esto evita las à ³rdenes individuales, ahorrando tiempo y esfuerzo. Reduciendo los costos operativos. Niveles de inventario reducidos n Utilizar un sistema para hacer que los materiales fluyan de acuerdo con los requerimientos de produccià ³n / trabajo, conocido tambià ©n como sistema de afluencia antes de un sistema de almacenado. Mejoramiento del control de calidad n Insistir en los detalles de calidad de los proveedores o fuentes. n Adoptar un sistema de control de calidad total, comenzando con la calidad de los artà ­culos suministrados por el proveedor, poniendo à ©nfasis en la calidad en la là ­nea de produccià ³n de los artà ­culos manufacturados y en la calidad del servicio que presta el colaborador. Mejoramiento de la calidad y la fiabilidad. n Diseà ±ar calidad y fiabilidad en el producto. Utilizar tà ©cnicas de ingenierà ­a del valor, diseà ±o para la fabricacià ³n y diseà ±o para el montaje. El objetivo es eliminar el descarte y todos los defectos, para que los clientes reciban una calidad superior con menos reparaciones de garantà ­a. Flexibilidad del producto. n La menor cantidad de trabajo en proceso permite una mayor capacidad para responder rà ¡pido a los cambios en las demandas del consumidor para diferentes artà ­culos. Responsabilidad en la distribucià ³n. n Al utilizar el sistema de afluencia y el control de calidad total permite dar una mejor respuesta a los clientes, en cuanto a una distribucià ³n puntual de productos y de servicios de calidad. Utilizacià ³n de los activos. n Reducir la inversià ³n de capital. n Al reducir los inventarios y contar con un manejo mà ¡s eficiente, se requieren menos activos para los procesos actuales. Esto permite reducir los gastos operativos de las instalaciones actuales o brinda mà ¡s espacio para la expansià ³n del negocio. Utilizacià ³n del personal n Promover la capacitacià ³n cruzada del personal para trabajar en diferentes à ¡reas de produccià ³n. Los empleados familiarizados con el proceso contribuyen al mejoramiento continuo; pues poseen mà ¡s sentido de propiedad con respecto al producto o servicio. Minimizacià ³n de los costes: n Reducir el inventario. n Reducir el desperdicio de material y el desaprovechamiento de la mano de obra debido a los defectos. n Establecer cuotas de trabajo simplificadas que significan menores costes por primas. n Reducir los costes mediante el mejoramiento del mantenimiento preventivo. n Simplificar los procesos administrativos para reducir el trabajo por empleado. FASES FASE 1: Definir el porquà © El porquà © de aplicar el JAT es convertir la produccià ³n de la empresa en un arma estratà ©gica y no sà ³lo para bajar costos. En esta fase hay dos pasos: 1. Concientizacià ³n: Las directivas tendrà ¡n que formarse una idea clara del JAT a fin de generar tres visiones del futuro relacionadas entre sà ­: n Visià ³n del Proceso Fà ­sico -ver a la empresa dentro de 3 a 5 aà ±os, en su proceso fabril, flujo de materiales, compras, distribucià ³n, etc. n Visià ³n del Clima Organizacional -Se debe tener un fuerte liderazgo del presidente, una à ©tica en toda la empresa que propicie la innovacià ³n y haga sentir a los empleados que su aporte es importante, trabajo en equipo y cooperacià ³n entre departamentos, personas que està ©n acordes con los requerimientos del cargo y que se sientan motivadas a contribuir al mejoramiento de su empresa. n Visià ³n del Mercado -Ver posibles oportunidades en el mercado para adelantarse a la competencia. 2. Formular Estrategia de Produccià ³n/Mercado: Dicha estrategia debe ser comprensible para todos. Un nivel se referirà ¡ al crecimiento y expansià ³n otro nivel a responsabilidades de los cargos y otro a estabilidad de los cargos. FASE 2: Creacià ³n de la Estructura En la organizacià ³n entran en juego cuatro protagonistas clave:   n El comità © directivo: Encabezado por un alto ejecutivo, el gerente de planta, representantes de gerencia medias, supervisores y empleados comunes. n Un facilitador: Persona accesible y de confianza, su funcià ³n es que el esfuerzo JAT sigua su marcha y que se alcancen los objetivos a corto y largo plazo. n Los grupos encargados de proyectos: Son los encargados del proyecto piloto, de la implantacià ³n del JAT   proyecto por proyecto. Formado por miembros de administracià ³n superior intermedia y los empleados de la fà ¡brica que pondrà ¡n en prà ¡ctica   los cambios n Los jefes de los grupos de proyectos: Son administradores del grupo y el enlace con el comità © directivo. FASE 3: Puesta en Marcha del Plan  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Comprende tres pasos: 1. Proyectos piloto e implantacià ³n proyecto por proyecto: se establecen ciertas tà ©cnicas JAT, como agilizacià ³n del alistamiento, las celdas de maquinaria, y los sistemas de halar. Otros proyectos pilotos girarà ­an en torno a à ¡reas externas de oportunidad, tales como compras JAT. 2. Educar: Capacitar al personal para que adquieran las habilidades necesarias para llevar a cabo el JAT. 3. Cambiar Sistemas y Normas. Para que se amolden a los principios del JAT. 8. Kaizen Kaizen es un sistema enfocado en la mejora continua de toda la empresa y sus componentes, de manera armà ³nica y proactiva. El Kaizen surgià ³ en el Japà ³n como resultado de sus imperiosas necesidades de superarse a si misma de forma tal de poder alcanzar a las potencias industriales de occidente y asà ­ ganar el sustento para una gran poblacià ³n que vive en un paà ­s de escaso tamaà ±o y recursos. Hacer posible la mejora continua y lograr de tal forma los mas altos niveles en una serie de factores requirià ³ aparte de constancia y disciplina, la puesta en marcha de cinco sistemas fundamentales: 1. Control de calidad total / Gerencia de Calidad Total En su desarrollo inicial, hacà ­a à ©nfasis en el control del proceso de calidad. Esto ha evolucionado hasta convertirse en un sistema que abarca todos los aspectos de la gerencia, y ahora se conoce como gerencia de calidad total (TQM). La gestià ³n de calidad total es una manera de mejorar constantemente la performance en todos los niveles operativos, en cada à ¡rea funcional de una organizacià ³n, utilizando todos los recursos humanos y de capital disponibles. El mejoramiento està ¡ orientado a alcanzar metas amplias, como los costes, la calidad, la participacià ³n en el mercado, los proyectos y el crecimiento. en la aplicacià ³n de mà ©todos cuantitativos y recursos humanos para mejorar el material y los servicios suministrados a una organizacià ³n, los procesos dentro de la organizacià ³n, y la respuesta a las necesidades del consumidor en el presente y en el futuro. La gestià ³n de calidad total integra los mà ©todos de administracià ³n fundamentales con los esfuerzos de perfeccionamiento existentes y los recursos tà ©cnicos en un enfoque corregido, orientado al mejoramiento c