Gun Control in US

Gun Control in US Introduction All year round, approximately 30,000 people are reported to die from gunshot wounds in the USA. In 2010, the US reported gun violence as the leading cause of premature mortality, with young people falling victims.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Gun Control in US specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, it is such a pathetic state for a developed country as the US to have such high mortality rate due to the high prevalence of gun violence. Among all the developed countries with high crime prevalence rate, the situation was termed as the worst in the US, which associates to the high firearm homicide rate. The high prevalence of ownership of guns accompanied by less restrictive laws underscored some of the reasons contributing to violence and high rate of crime in the country. Various economic costs are linked gun violence. For instance, the country spends approximately $30 billion annually on settling me dical bills in relation to treatment of firearm injuries and deaths. The incurred costs could be spent in expansion of other productive economic activities. However, the cost of owning and using a gun goes beyond this point since there are other adverse effects and outcomes. In addition, violence and other forms of crime cause a reduction in revenues collected from taxes, and these elements are some of the challenges that the federal government should address. Policies regarding control of gun in the United States There have been several debates concerning the gun control policies. The proponents of gun control policies hold that the control measures counter the prevalence of crime incidences by ensuring that firearms are taken away from the wrong hands.Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, most people assume that they must either support or oppose the gun contr ol policy, which is not the case. Policies or laws on gun control stipulate the types of the firearm to be purchased, qualities of the purchaser and the holder, and safety restriction concerning the storage and use of guns. Although there were laws to ban the possession of guns, this move was overturned by a court order that was passed by the supreme court of Columbia and Chicago. Currently, the implemented policies do not fully disarm adults as long as they are over the age of 21 years. This requirement seeks to control the rates of prevailing crimes since fewer people would be in a position to own guns. In order for the gun control to ensure a reduction in the rate of crimes, there should be an evaluation of the impact of the gun control policy on availability and accessibility to firearms, especially for the case of handguns. On the other hand, the effect of the prevalence of guns on the commission of a crime should also be evaluated. Many researchers justify the gun control laws due to the evidence of high crime rate that calls for political support of these laws. Currently, gun control laws focus on the definition on conditions that prohibit an individual from owning a gun or firearms, implementation of laws and regulations to prevent prohibited individuals from illegal possession of firearms and guns. In addition, these laws stipulate restriction to carrying concealed guns outside one’s home and regulations on the design of these guns in order to enhance individual safety and that of the members of the public.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Gun Control in US specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Rationale for the prohibition of gun possession The law prohibits certain categories of individuals from purchasing or even owning guns and firearms. They include fugitives, those served with restraining orders due to domestic violence, persons convicted of domestic crime, felons, people who a re mentally ill, illegal aliens, ex-soldiers dismissed from the military and person below the recommended age of 21 years. However, the laws stipulate that 18 years is the minimum age at which possession of a handgun could be transferred from one person to another, especially for unauthorized gun dealers. The move to ban some people from owning or carrying a firearm hinges on research results, which showed that the ever-increasing crime cases were due to access to firearms by some individuals. For instance, a felony convict stands a higher chance of committing violent crimes in the future as compared to non-felons. In addition, most domestic homicides are directly linked to availability and ownership of gun within the family household. Based on some researches carried out, researchers concluded that quite a substantial percentage of perpetrators of domestic violence are likely to extend their abusive tendencies to other people in the society. Drug and substance abuse are linked to t he increased rate of domestic violence within American families, violent crimes, and actual or suicidal attempts. Researchers established that homicide offenders are more likely to abuse drugs as compared to non-offenders. However, a small percentage of people suffering from mental illness are associated with some form of violence, as others with disorders such as stress and depression are likely to harm others or even themselves.Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More On the case of the minimum age limit, it was established that the minimum age restriction on possession of firearms and guns was a crucial move. Policy makers decided on the age limit after researchers established that there had been an increment in the prevalence of violent crimes amongst the adolescents. This aspect was attributed to the brain structures at that age, which embrace risk-taking impulses, hence contributing to heightened risk of violent behavior amongst youths at this age bracket. The debate on gun control policies Over the years, legislative proposals to restrict the availability of guns to the members of public yield different reactions from people. In the recent years, proponents of gun control laws hold to the fact that proper implementation of federal laws can be quite successful. However, the only challenge arises where states with few legal restrictions on guns tend to supply them to the states where comprehensive bans are implemented. Various issues arise fro m this constitutional provision as stipulated by the proponents. First, with the presence of professional police forces, this provision stands to be obsolete. The provision was in favor of the military officers to guard them against suppression, hence posing a restriction only to the military officers. In addition, the right to owning a gun is not absolute, but can be limited within reasonable requirements. The proponents also seek to know why a common citizen would own a gun not designed for the purpose of authorized sporting or hunting activities. With regard to reasons stipulated above, proponents for the policy on gun control advocate some changes on the prevailing policy on gun control to deter criminal activities and risks posed to the public. Since 1930, machine guns and short-barreled rifles remained under strict regulations, but they were banned completely from private ownership in 1980s. Currently, small handguns, ammunitions feeding devices and assault weapons among other s are some of the arms to be included in the control regulations. Gun control legislations meet opposition in different dimensions, but opponents maintain that gun control policies fail to meet the intended purposes. In argument laid by this group, they stipulate that acquisition of weapons by high-risk individuals can hardly be controlled, even after implementation of federal laws. They also add that stringent laws would impose more difficulties to law-abiding individuals to abide by the new laws. Such a move leads to frustration and probably a threat on the rights of citizens and even their safety. They also note that even in countries where the rates of violent crimes are low, it is not necessarily due to gun control policies; actually, tolerance and community policing amongst other social integration strategies contribute largely to the low crime rates. The antagonists of gun control policies are not fully convinced that private gun ownership is meant for recreational activities exclusively. However, they call for the need for people to have effective means to defend themselves for security purposes. In addition, the opponents point out that possession of guns would help in reducing the rate of crime. Conclusion To the proponents of gun control legislations, propositions by the opponents comprise a misinterpretation of the provisions of the constitution regarding possession of guns. Gun control legislations should be put in place if the Federal State is to deal with the prevalence of high crime rate comprehensively. However, a comprehensive study of the effects of various gun control policies can help people in making an informed conclusion on whether these policies can really help curb violent crimes prevailing in the US.

Management Operations Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Management Operations - Assignment Example It begins with an outline of the problem and its consequences, then presents a process map and a service blueprint to show the ideal processes that would lead to a good customer experience, allowing the problems areas within the process to be identified. The issues identified will be explained using operations management concepts and possible solutions presented. The report will conclude with a summary of the findings and a set of recommended actions for the college. The Problem For the past few years, further education college â€Å"Town College† has had problems with the presentation of courses for their part time degree students in the marketing discipline. Last year, during the second semester, the international marketing communications course went through three tutors in the space of four weeks, causing several problems for both the college and the students. For the students, there was the lack of continuity in terms of teaching content and style, causing inconsistencies in what was taught and conflicting information being given by different tutors. Secondly, this lack of continuity was compounded for the assessment schedule, with coursework being set and briefed by the first tutor, then briefed again by the third tutor because they would be marking the assignment; and the exam preparation having to be rushed as it was the last tutor who had to prepare it to the necessary standards having taught a single week and with no idea as to what had specifically been covered during the first part of the course. This caused further problems for the students, who were unclear as to what would appear in the exam, and whether or not they had been adequately prepared. Overall, for the students, the learning experience was extremely poor. For the final member of staff teaching the students, the additional responsibilities of marking the assignment and setting and marking the exam, above the normal weekly course preparation, caused problems as there were no records of what had been presented by the previous tutors, therefore setting the exam questions was a matter of hoping that the areas covered in the exam paper had been covered adequately during classes. It actually transpired that one area, marketing ethics, had not been covered at all, requiring some last minute remedial work to be undertaken long distance as classes had finished by the time this was brought to the attention of the tutor. In addition, availability of resources such as photocopiers, flipcharts and pens, and computer access was not as good as it should have been, with photocopiers frequently out of paper and no automatic access to them as the contract was temporary. For the college, the quality of the learning experience delivered overall was not up to standard. There were complaints from the students. There was much rushing around to complete tasks towards the end that should have been done already. Quality standards were potentially compromised, as both the tutor and exa m board had to be asked to take into consideration the circumstances surrounding the course,

Characterization of the Arabidopsis thaliana PM19 protein by Essay

Characterization of the Arabidopsis thaliana PM19 protein by functional complementation of yeast mutants - Essay Example This implies that PM19 compensated for the absence of trk1p, and thus it also acts as a high-affinity K+ transporter. In plants, since ABA, a hormone released in response to water desiccation, increases PM19 expression, the overproduction of the membrane protein allow the cells to imbibe the important K+ ion despite the low concentration in the environment. The DNA sequence of an organism remains constant throughout its life despite the multitude of processes it undergoes by preventing DNA mutations that might alter genetic information, and by ensuring the structural integrity of chromosomes and their orderly transmission to progeny cells. It is necessary to prevent alterations of DNA sequence that may change information encoded in genes because it may cause dysfunction of proteins that are important in the different physiologic activities of the organism. Proteins are the most significant class of molecules in biochemistry, although of course lipids and carbohydrates are also crucial for all living species whether eukaryotic or prokaryotic such as human, animal, plant and bacteria. Proteins organize and make the basics of life. They control of all actions in each known organisms, for example, the expression of the genetic code, transport of molecules, oxygen and minerals to in or out of the cells, therefore, proteins are responsible for controlling the machinery of cellular which is the phenotype of an organism (Lau, 2005). Moreover, the eukaryotic cell is surrounded by the membrane, which has the control for all substances that can enter in or out of the cell. Although the fundamental structure of membrane is made up by the lipid bilayer, the most particular functions of the plasma membrane are carried out by proteins and provides each sort of membrane a specific feature and characteristic, so under these circumstances the only part of cell that can

Examining Crime And Gender Crimes Committed Criminology Essay

Examining Crime And Gender Crimes Committed Criminology Essay Criminology has treated womens role in crime with a large measure of indifference. The intellectual tradition from which criminology derives its conception of these sexes maintains esteem for mens autonomy, intelligence and force of character while disdaining women for their weaknesses of compliance and passivity. Women who conform as pure, obedient daughters, wives and mothers benefit men and society (Feinman, 1994: 16). Those women who dont, that is are non-conforming, may simply be one who questions established beliefs or practices, or one who engages in activities associated with men, or one who commits a crime. These women are doubly damned and doubly deviant (Bottoms, 1996: 1). They are seen as mad not bad (Lloyd, 1995: 36). These behaviors frequently lead to interpretations of being mentally abnormal and unstable. Those doing the defining, by the very act, are never defined as other, but are the norm. As men are the norm, women are deviant. Women are defined in reference to me n (Lloyd, 1995: xvii). In the words of Young (1990), sexual difference is one of the ways in which normal is marked out from deviant (Young, 1990: ix). So why do these differences exist within the criminal justice system and society as a whole? In order to understand why offending and punishment differs between genders it is important to acknowledge and analyses past perceptions, theories and perspectives from predominant sociologists and criminologists of that time towards women in society. Up until the turn of the century, women were primarily perceived as sexual objects and expected to remain within male dominated ideologies such as homemaker, carer and nurturer taking second place after men (Oakley, 1985: 56). Women who strayed from the norm were severely punished, void of any opportunities to explain their actions. Perhaps interventions from Elizabeth Fry in the early nineteenth century campaigning for women to be housed in separate prisons from men and offered rehabilitation could be marked as the starting point for intense studies being conducted into relationships between women and crime. The conception at that time was that women must be protected from, rather than held responsible for their criminal actions. Unfortunately, such intervention only caused coaxing rather than coercion, that is, women became segregated even more as individual members of their community (Bardsley, 1987: 37). Later in the late nineteenth century, Lombroso and Ferrero (1895) wrote a book called, The Female Offender. Their theories were based on atavism. Atavism refers to the belief that all individuals displaying anti-social behaviour were biological throwbacks (Smart, 1978: 32). The born female criminal was perceived to have the criminal qualities of the male plus the worst characteristics of women. According to Lombroso and Ferrero (1895), these included deceitfulness, cunning and spite among others and were not apparent among males. This appeared to indicate that criminal women were genetically more male than female, therefore biologically abnormal. Criminality in men was a common feature of their natural characteristics, whereby women, their biologically-determined nature was antithetical to crime. Female social deviants or criminals who did not act according to pre-defined standards were diagnosed as pathological and requiring treatment, they were to be cured or removed (Lombroso and Ferrero, 1895: 43). Other predominant theorists such as Thomas (1907) and later, Pollack (1961), believed that criminality was a pathology and socially induced rather than biologically inherited. As Thomas (1967) says, the girl as a child does not know she has any particular value until she learns it from others (Thomas, 1967: 68). Pollack (1961) believed, it is the learned behaviour from a very young age that leads girls into a masked character of female criminality, that is, how it was and still is concealed through under-reporting and low detection rates of female offenders. He further states, in our male-dominated culture, women have always been considered strange, secretive and sometimes dangerous (Pollack, 1961: 149). A greater leniency towards women by police and the justice system needs to be addressed especially if a true equality of genders is to be achieved in such a complicated world . Although it may be true that society has changed since the days of Lombroso and Ferrero, past theories appear to remain within much of todays criminal justice system. Women have so many choices of which they didnt before. It would appear naive to assume that women and crime may be explained by any one theory. Any crime for that matter, whether male or female, may not be explained by any one theory. It is an established and non-arguable fact that males and females differ biologically and sociological influences, such as gender-specific role-playing appears to continue within most families. Its a matter of proportion not difference. According to Edwards (1984), the enemy is within every woman, but is not her reproductive biology, rather it is the habit regarding it into which she has been led by centuries of male domination (Edwards, 1984: 91). Many argue, the main culprit for aggression as seen in many men is testosterone. This hormone appears responsible for much of the male crime, even in todays society of increased knowledge on the subject. In contrast, extensive research over the past twenty-five years done on the testosterone/aggression link focusing on prenatal testosterone predisposing boys to be rougher than girls, concluded it was very difficult to show any connection between testosterone and aggressive behaviour (Lloyd, 1995: 26). Cross-cultural studies of ninety-five societies revealed fourty -seven percent of them were free of rape while at least thirty-three societies were free of war and interpersonal violence was extremely rare (Meidzian, 1992: 74). Based on these studies, it may be evident to suggest that sociological factors and environmental influences appear to have greater credibility in explaining criminal behaviour, whether male or female. As most women commit crimes of a lesser violent nature such as shop-lifting, leniency is given to them from law enforcement officers and judges. It is true that many women use their femininity to their advantage which makes it very difficult to argue equal rights for both sexes (Lloyd, 1995: 56). This unequal position of women in society due to social oppression and economic dependency on men and the state, needs to be addressed. Offences by women remain sexualised and pathologised. In most ways, crimes women commit are considered to be final outward manifestations of an inner medical imbalance or social instability. Their punishment appears to be aimed principally at treatment and resocialisation (Edwards, 1984: 216). The victimisation of women in medicine seems to be for her own good or in her best interests. Changing social and economic conditions, environmental influences, cultural traditions and physiological factors must be taken into account when dealing with crime. It has only been over the last thirty to fourty years that women have empowered themselves and fought for equality within all areas of society. After so many centuries of oppression and inequality, these changes can not be expected to happen over night. It is essential that society be well informed in the quest for justice. Creating a framework that is truly equitable requires a proper understanding of life beyond the courtroom door. The world is infused with gender bias and no single explanation exists for human behaviour or passivity or aggression. A complex interplay of cultural and biological factors makes people as individuals. Behaviour may be changed. All have the potential for aggression and compliance. The view that women are other, inferior and unstable because of their hormones and emotions makes it all too eas y to see them, by their very nature, as unstable, irrational, neurotic and MAD. Bardsley, B. (1987) Flowers in Hell: an investigation into women and crime, Pandora Press, London. Bottoms, A. (1996) Sexism and the Female Offender, Gower Publishing, Sydney. Carrington, K. (1993) Offending Girls, Allen and Unwin, Sydney. Edwards, S. (1984) Women on Trial, Manchester University Press, New Hampshire. Feinman, C. (1994) Women ion the Criminal Justice System, Praeger Publishers, Westport. Lloyd, A. (1995) Doubly Deviant, Doubly Damned, Penguin, Sydney. Lombroso, C. and Ferrero, W. (1895) The Female Offender, Fisher Unwin, London. Miedzian, M. (1992) Boys will be boys: Breaking the Link Between Masculinity and Violence, Virago Press, London. Oakley, A. (1985) Gender and Society, Adlershot Gower, London. Pollak, O. (1961( The Criminality of Women, A.S. Barnes, New York. Smart, C. (1978) Women, Crime and Criminology, Routledge London. Thomas, W. (1967) The Unadjusted Girl, Harper and Row, New York. Young, A. (1990) Femininity in Dessent, Routledge, London.

A Canticle for Leibowitz and Starship Troopers: The Movie Essay

A Canticle for Leibowitz and Starship Troopers: The Movie In this paper I intend to explore the attitudes toward the value of individual life vs. the value of a community as a whole expressed in A Canticle for Leibowitz and Starship Troopers: the Movie by analyzing their treatment of information control, euthanasia, and the idea of obtaining happiness through a sense of purpose. Starship Troopers may be a satire of a fascist state or an apology for fascist ideology or neither (I don’t pretend to know which). In any case, it is a depiction of a possible state of affairs that could theoretically arise out of a futuristic fascist regime. The ideology advocated by this state, and for the most part by its subjects, is one that treats the state as something greater than the sum of its parts, as a benevolent machine that will take care of the people as long as the people are willing to sacrifice as much of themselves as necessary to keep it oiled. A Canticle for Leibowitz, at least from the perspective of the monks (again, this is not necessarily that of the author), takes a much more individual approach to pursuing the common good. In other words, it treats the community, or species, as exactly the sum of its parts; people are encouraged to further the common good by furthering their own good. Progress is a result of individual motivation rather than of a m andate of the state. One way the difference between these two ideologies manifests itself is in the treatment of the control of information. In Starship Troopers, since everything is controlled by the government, so are all channels of information. In the movie, we see an unidentified hand (presumably that of the common citizen) happily clicking on the government-controlled... ...ach relies on a different method of human motivation. Starship Troopers relies on an individual’s submission to the rule of the state and willingness to forget about himself in terms of his own psyche in favor of a collective identity. A Canticle for Leibowitz supposes that people are best motivated as individuals; that is, allowing people to act and exist as individuals increases their investment and interest in their own survival, which in turn increases that of the survival of the species. It also supposes that individuals can be trusted as such, without a controlling system. Maybe this difference is why we are so upset when the first main character in A Canticle for Leibowitz dies (after we spend about a hundred and seven pages becoming attached to him), but the characters in Starship Troopers are so flat and predictable that we really don’t care when they die. A Canticle for Leibowitz and Starship Troopers: The Movie Essay A Canticle for Leibowitz and Starship Troopers: The Movie In this paper I intend to explore the attitudes toward the value of individual life vs. the value of a community as a whole expressed in A Canticle for Leibowitz and Starship Troopers: the Movie by analyzing their treatment of information control, euthanasia, and the idea of obtaining happiness through a sense of purpose. Starship Troopers may be a satire of a fascist state or an apology for fascist ideology or neither (I don’t pretend to know which). In any case, it is a depiction of a possible state of affairs that could theoretically arise out of a futuristic fascist regime. The ideology advocated by this state, and for the most part by its subjects, is one that treats the state as something greater than the sum of its parts, as a benevolent machine that will take care of the people as long as the people are willing to sacrifice as much of themselves as necessary to keep it oiled. A Canticle for Leibowitz, at least from the perspective of the monks (again, this is not necessarily that of the author), takes a much more individual approach to pursuing the common good. In other words, it treats the community, or species, as exactly the sum of its parts; people are encouraged to further the common good by furthering their own good. Progress is a result of individual motivation rather than of a m andate of the state. One way the difference between these two ideologies manifests itself is in the treatment of the control of information. In Starship Troopers, since everything is controlled by the government, so are all channels of information. In the movie, we see an unidentified hand (presumably that of the common citizen) happily clicking on the government-controlled... ...ach relies on a different method of human motivation. Starship Troopers relies on an individual’s submission to the rule of the state and willingness to forget about himself in terms of his own psyche in favor of a collective identity. A Canticle for Leibowitz supposes that people are best motivated as individuals; that is, allowing people to act and exist as individuals increases their investment and interest in their own survival, which in turn increases that of the survival of the species. It also supposes that individuals can be trusted as such, without a controlling system. Maybe this difference is why we are so upset when the first main character in A Canticle for Leibowitz dies (after we spend about a hundred and seven pages becoming attached to him), but the characters in Starship Troopers are so flat and predictable that we really don’t care when they die.

Pathogenesis of Fluid Volume Excess in an Acute Exacerbation Chronic Heart Failure Patient Essay

Heart failure is a clinical syndrome of decreased tolerance and fluid retention due to structural heart disease. Despite much advancement in treatment of the treatment of heart failure, there still exists a high annual mortality. In normal situations, an increase in total blood volume results in an increase in renal levels of sodium and water excretion. These renal excretions are due to reflexes that help maintain normal body volume in increase of atrial pressure. Thus any atrial pressure increase results to a decreased release of antidiuretic hormone, an increased release of atrial natriuretic peptide and a decreased renal sympathetic tone. In contrast, when a patient has an acute exacerbation of chronic heart failure, the total blood volume does not affect renal excretion of sodium and water. Rather, due to either decreased or increased cardiac output, underfilling of the arterial circulation and systemic arterial vasodilation occurs. To compensate the change, total blood volume is increased by the expansion of blood volume in the venous circulation and the increased after-load (systemic vascular resistance). This results in an acute increase in left ventricular end-diastolic pressure. Pulmonary venous pressure and the acute increase in left ventricular end-diastolic leads to increased alveoli pressure which results to pulmonary congestion when the alveoli cells are overwhelmed. Further, the stimulated normal reflexes, as a result of increased atrial pressure, are affected by reflexes initiated in the high pressure arterial circulation. For example, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system is activated by increased arterial pressure to release angiotensin II. Angiotensin II acts to help in reabsorption of sodium in the proximal tubules. Glomerular filtration rate and excretion of water and sodium is also increased. This, however, is affected in acute heart failure by renal vasoconstriction and a reduction of sodium delivery to the distal nephron. Resulting in the release of arginine vasopressin, as a result of arterial undefilling, which increases plasma and urine osmolalities and leading to peripheral arterial vasoconstriction and water reabsorption in the cells of the distal tubule and collecting duct in the kidney, promoting hyponatremia. The Nitroglycerin and Angiotensin II receptor blockers strategies as Nursing strategies used to manage pulmonary oedema. Pulmonary oedema is the accumulation of excess watery fluids in the air sacs of the lungs and a common result of heart failure. The main objective in managing pulmonary oedema is to improve oxygenation and reduce pulmonary congestion. Two of the several managing strategies are use of Nitroglycerin (NTG) and Angiotensin II receptor blockers. Nitroglycerin Nitroglycerin (NTG) is an effective, predictable and rapidly-acting medication used for preload reduction. According to Sovari 2012, several studies have demonstrated the efficacy, safety and faster action onset of NTG than of furosemide or morphine sulfate. NTG can be sublingual, topical or intravenous. Sublingual is associated with preload reduction within 5 minutes and with some afterload reduction. Topical NTG, although as effective as sublingual NTG, should be avoided in patients with severe left ventricular failure because of poor skin perfusion thus poor absorption. Intravenous NTG is an excellent monotherapy for patients with severe cardiogenic pulmonary oedema. It can be started with 10mcg/min and then rapidly uptitrated to more than100mcg/min. It can be given as 3 mg boluses every 5 minutes (Sovari, 2012). The short half-life of nitrates justifies the high dosage for cardiogenic pulmonary oedema, especially with patients presenting a hyperadrenergic state and moderately elevated blood pressure. Nitrates, however, should be avoided in hypotensive patients and used with caution in cases of aortic stenosis and pulmonary hypertension. Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) have comparable beneficial effects in heart failure. Studies have proposed a role for ARBs in preventing structural and electrical remodeling of the heart which reduced incidence of arrhuthmias. The Valsartan Heart Failure Trial showed that valsartan reduces the incidence of atrial fibrillation by 37% (Sovari, 2012). The Mechanism of Furosemide Furosemide is a potent diuretic (water pill) that is used to eliminate water and salt from the body. Implications of administering Furosemide to a patient with an acute exacerbation of chronic heart Furosemide is often given in conjunction with a potassium supplement or a potassium-sparing diuretic to counteract potassium loss. The medication has a rapid onset of effect of about one hour when taken orally and five minutes by injection. Duration of action is about six hours so it is possible to use a twice daily dose if necessary. References Adams, K. F., Jr Fonarow,G.C.,Emerman,C.L. (2005). ADHERE Scientific Advisory Committee and Investigators. Characteristics and outcomes of patients hospitalized for heart failure in the United States: rationale, design, and preliminary observations from the first 100000 cases in the Acute Decompensated Heart Failure National Registry Am Heart J, 149, 209-216. ADDIN EN.REFLIST Albert, N. M. (2012). Fluid Management Strategies in Heart Failure. American Association of Critical-Care Nurses, 32(2). ADDIN EN.REFLIST Cadnapaphornchai, M. A., Gurevich,A.K,Weinberger,H.D, Schrier,R.W. (2001). Pathophysiology of sodium and water retention in heart failure. Cardiology, 96, 122-131. Cotter, G., Felker,M.,Adams,K.F.,Milo-Cotter,O.,O’Connor,C.M. (2008). The pathophysiology of acute heart failure-is it all about fluid accumulation? Am Heart J, 155(1), 9-18. Nesto, R. W., DAVID BELL, ROBERT O. BONOW, VIVIAN FONSECA, SCOTT M. GRUNDY, EDWARD S. HORTON, et al. (JANUARY 2004). Thiazolidinedione Use, Fluid Retention,and Congestive Heart Failure. DIABETES CARE, 27(1). Packer, M., Coats,A.J.,Fowler,M.B.,. (2001). for the Carvedilol Prospective Randomized Cumulative Survival Study Group. Effect of carvedilol on survival in severe chronic heart failure. N Engl J Med, 344, 1651-1658. Sovari, A. (2012, February 1). Cardiogenic Pulmonary Edema  Treatment & Management. Retrieved September 17, 2014, from http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/157452-treatment#aw2aab6b6b3 WHO. (October 2013). Model List of EssentialMedicines†. World Health Organization. Source document

Cybercrime Is A Serious Issue - 1444 Words

What are the main risks to cyber security and are states or non-state actors the main challenge? Word Count 1188 Cybercrime is a serious issue that the international community faces today, with risks such as theft, espionage, surveillance and sabotage, a very real and accessible threat exists. Cyber security can be defined as a cyber activity that may threaten the security of a system or its information (Threat report 2015). There are various state and non state actors that both participate, instigate and also defend for and against these risks to both manage and maintain security and safety for the nation it protects. This report will look into the various risks and the challenges each nation†¦show more content†¦Cyberspace has many vulnerabilities in which malicious actors can use this system in ways it was not intended to do. There was a variety of ways in which state and non-state actors can use these vulnerabilities such as malicious software to launch a cyber attack such as theft, espionage, surveillance and sabotage. The effects of a cyber attack can be highly uncertain and une xpected. Worms and viruses, attack tools, can spread uncontrollably and globally. Cyber attacks are then seen as a tool for a state to employ as a utility against an adversary to create a bargaining range to prevent an apparent war (Brantly, 2014). Cybertheft is the act of using an internet to steal someone’s or interfere with someone’s use of property (USlegal.com). This theft can include financial or personal information from the hacking use of a computer. Malware (Malicious software) has been used increasingly lately becoming a concern for businesses, governments and individuals. Malware uses backdoor Trojans to capture people’s information covertly. Examples of Cyber thefts include embezzlement, fraud and theft of intellectual property. The National Computer Security Survey found that in 2005 of 7818 businesses surveyed, 67% detected at least one cybercrime and 11% of those detected Cybertheft. Macdonald and Fitzgerald (2014) states that the most common type of fraud is embezzlement, being over 35% of recorded fraud cases. They also